week 1-3: neuroanatomy Flashcards
(69 cards)
1
Q
2 divisions of the nervous system?
A
Central Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
2
Q
Tracts
A
Bundles of axons in the CNS
white matter
3
Q
Nuclei
A
Groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
Grey matter
4
Q
nerves
A
bundles of axons in the PNS
5
Q
Ganglia
A
groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
6
Q
divisions of the brain
A
- forebrain region
- Midbrain
- Hindbrain
7
Q
Forebrain
A
Telencephalon - cerebral cortex - basal ganglia - limbic system Diencephalon - thalamus - hypothalamus
8
Q
midbrain
A
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
9
Q
hindbrain
A
medulla
pons
cerebellum
reticular formation
10
Q
neural tubes
A
grow to form the cns
11
Q
neural crest
A
develop into the PNS
12
Q
medulla
A
contains circuits of neurons that vital function (HR, BP, RR)
13
Q
Pons
A
a bridge of fibres that connects the brain stem with the cerebellum.
- contains clusters of nuclei
- one of the clusters is the reticular formation which influences alertness/consciousness
14
Q
cerebellum
A
large structure located behind the brain stem
critical for coordination of movement and to balance
15
Q
Superior colliculi (anterior)
A
relay visual information and important for visual attention
16
Q
Inferior colliculi (posterior)
A
relay auditory information and important for auditory attention
17
Q
colliculi appearance and location
A
superior and inferior colliculi are pairs of bumps on the back of the brain stem
18
Q
thalamus
A
relay station through which all sensory (not smell) information must pass through to get to the cerebral cortex
thalamus filters and begins to organise the sensory input
19
Q
hypothalamus
A
- major role in the regulation of basic biological drives such as hunger and thirst
- controls ANS
- regulates body temperature
- controls pituitary gland which releases hormones and controls glands
20
Q
hypothalamus and thalamus location
A
thalamus is above the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is below the hypothalamus
forebrain region
21
Q
basal ganglia
A
group of structures crucial for planning and producing movement
22
Q
what disease affects the basal ganglia?
A
Parkinson’s disease
23
Q
limbic system
A
a loosely connected network of structures plays important role in learning and memory and emotions (Executive function) 2 structures: 1 hippocampus (role in memory and learning) 2 amygdala (processing emotional information such as fear response)
24
Q
cerebral cortex
A
- outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere
- 2-6mm thick
- folded so it can fit in the skull
- contains gyrus and sulci
25
gyrus
bump/bulge on the cerebral cortex
26
sulcus
grooves on the cerebral cortex
27
4 brain lobes
1, occipital lobe
2, parietal lobe
3, frontal lobe
4, temporal lobe
28
occipital lobe
located at the back of the brain
includes the primary visual cortex
involved in vision
29
parietal lobe
located behind the central sulcus
concerned with the perception of stimuli
- pain, pressure, temperature
30
temporal lobe
located behind the lateral fissure
concerned with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory
- Wernickes and brocas located in temporal lobe
31
frontal lobe
located in the front of the central sulcus
concerned with reason, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions and problem solving
- higher order cognition/ executive function
32
prefrontal cortex
problem solving, emotion, complex thoughts, higher order cognitive functions
33
primary motor cortex
initiation of voluntary movement
34
motor association cortex
co-ordination of complex movement
35
primary somatosensory cortex
receives tactile information from the body
36
sensory association area
processing of multisensory information
37
visual cortex
detection of simple visual stimuli
38
visual association area
complex processing of visual information
39
auditory cortex
detection of sound quality (loudness, tone)
40
auditory association area
complex processing of auditory information
41
Wernicke's area
comprehension of language
42
brocas area
speech production
43
lateralisation
concept that regions of the brain have distinct functions
44
what is the left side of the brain lateralised for?
language
45
contralateral arrangement
each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
eg, left hemisphere controls right side of body
46
contralateral arrangement with visual field
visual information from left side of both eyes is projected to the right side of the brain. visual information from the right side of both eyes projects to the left hemisphere in the brain.
47
split-brain experiment
patients with severe epilepsy had their corpus callosum (bundle of neurons that connected 2 hemispheres) severed.
2 hemispheres could no longer communicate
48
How did they test split-brain patients and what were the results?
patients had a board with 2 images (1 for each eye) and items behind the board. patients left visual field was an image of a key but they couldn't say key as the left visual field is contralateral with the right hemisphere and is not involved with language. the right visual field saw an image of a ring and was able to speak ring as the right visual field is contralateral to the left hemisphere which is lateralised for language.
49
brain support systems
- the vascular system
- the meninges
- cerebral ventricles
50
cerebral ventricles
chambers filled with CSF inside the brain. the CSF provides shock absorption for the brain and is a medium for nutrient exchange
51
the meninges
protective sheath surrounding the brain and spinal cord
52
meninges layers
dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
- between pia mater and arachnoid is subarachnoid space filled with csf
53
how much energy does the brain consume?
20% energy, 2% body mass
54
vascular system
supplies the brain with metabolic fuel
| blood-brain barrier blocks larger molecules from entering the brain which stops toxins but makes drug absorption hard
55
how does the brain receive metabolic fuel?
the vascular system
- oxygen
- glucose
56
spinal cord
- distributes motor connections to the muscles and glands
- collects somatosensory information
the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column
57
how far down does the spinal cord go in the vertebral column
2/3 the remaining 1/3 is filled by a mass of spinal nerves
58
divisions of the PNS
somatic nervous system
| autonomic nervous system
59
the somatic nervous system
spinal nerves
| cranial nerves
60
spinal nerves
begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. the nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they innervate
61
afferent axons direction
afferent axons travel towards the cns conveying sensory information
62
efferent axons direction
efferent axons travel away from the cns conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
63
cranial nerves
12 pairs
attached to the ventral surface of the brain
most serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck
64
the vagus nerve
10th cranial nerve
| regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
65
autonomic nervous system
```
concerned with regulation of smooth muscle
- skin
- blood vessels
- walls of the gut
- cardiac muscles
- glands
ANS 2 systems
1. parasympathetic division
2. sympathetic division
```
66
sympathetic nervous system
involved in activities associated with the expenditure of energy from reserves stored in body
fight or flight
67
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
| supports activities that are involved with increases in the body's supply of stored energy
68
characteristics of sympathetic NS
```
dilated pupils
relaxed lungs
increase HR
constriction of blood vessels
stops digesting food
```
69
characteristics associated with the parasympathetic NS
```
normal pupils
normal breathing
slows hr
stimulates digestion
dilates blood vessels
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