week 8: variations in consciousness

Question 1

measures used to detect physiological changes during sleep

Answer 1

EEG
EOG
EMG

Question 2

EEG measures?

Answer 2

brain waves

Question 3

EOG measures?

Answer 3

eye movement

Question 4

EMG measures

Answer 4

muscle tension

Question 5

how EEG are used

Answer 5

electrodes placed on the scalp to detect and measure patterns of electrical activity emanating from the brain

Question 6

how eeg work

Answer 6

EEG electrode amplifies electric potentials occurring in many thousands of brain cells

Question 7

EEG during wakefulness and NREM sleep

Answer 7

alert wakefulness: beta waves 
just before sleep: alpha waves
stage 1: theta waves
stage 2: contains sleep spindle and K-complex
stage 3: delta waves
stage 4

Question 8

EEG during different sleep stages (including REM sleep)

Question 9

variations in EEG and EMG in REM sleep

Answer 9

Lack of muscle activity in REM sleep
EEG in REM sleep is similar to EEG while awake
(dreaming stage)

Question 10

what is rem sleep also known as?

Answer 10

paradoxical sleep

Question 11

brain activity during REM AND NREM

Answer 11

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases in motor and sensory areas, while other areas similar to NREM

Question 12

HR during REM AND NREM

Answer 12

NREM-slows from wakefulness

REM-increases and varies from NREM

Question 13

BP during REM AND NREM

Answer 13

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases (up to 30%) and varies from NREM

Question 14

blood flow to brain during REM AND NREM

Answer 14

NREM-does not change from wakefulness in most regions

REM-increases from 50- 200% from NREM, depending on brain region

Question 15

respiration during REM AND NREM

Answer 15

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases and varies from NREM, coughing suppressed

Question 16

body temperature during REM AND NREM

Answer 16

NREM-is regulated at a lower set point than wakefulness (i.e. shivering will not start until a lower than normal temp is reached)
REM-is not regulated; no shivering or sweating; temperature drifts toward that of the local environment

Question 17

how much sleep do humans need at different stages of life?

Answer 17

infant-16hrs
adolescent-9hrs
adult-8hrs

Question 18

circadian rhythm

Answer 18

Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a 24-hour cycle
rely on light and dark

Question 19

Brain regions important for circadian rhythm and REM sleep

Answer 19

pons (REM)
retina
suprachiasmatic nucleus 
hypothalamus 
thalamus
lateral geniculate nucleus 
pineal gland

Question 20

Circadian Sleep Cycles

Answer 20

Sleep-wake cycle is linked to the circadian rhythm

predominantly entrained by light-dark transitions

Question 21

neuronal level the circadian rhythm is controlled by

Answer 21

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 22

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 22

small structure in hypothalamus
Entrainment by light-dark cycle via retinohypothalamic tract
Sectioning optic nerves prevents light-dark regulation of circadian rhythms

Question 23

reticular formation in the brain stem responsible for

Answer 23

responsible for activating/waking the brain from sleep

Question 24

basal forebrain region in the ventral frontal lobe responsible for

Answer 24

inducing SWS slow wave sleep

Question 25

pons in sleep

Answer 25

important for triggering REM sleep and the muscle atonia associated with the REM sleep stage

Question 26

what is atonia?

Answer 26

temporarily paralysed legs and arms

Question 27

hypothalamic system role in sleep

Answer 27

regulating the transitions between the activation of the other neural sleep systems

Question 28

Functions of sleep

Answer 28

- Restoration and recovery of bodily systems - Energy conservation - Memory consolidation - Protection from predation - Brain development

Question 29

Sleep disorders

Answer 29

``` Insomnia Sleep Apnoea Somnabulism Night terrors REM sleep behaviour disorder Narcolepsy ```

Question 30

what is slow-wave sleep and what type of brain waves?

Answer 30

stage 3 of NREM, | consists of delta waves

Question 31

what stages of sleep are NREM?

Answer 31

stages 1, 2, 3

Question 32

what stage of sleep is REM?

Answer 32

stage 4

Question 33

what are alpha waves?

Answer 33

brain activity measured by EEG right before falling asleep

Question 34

what are beta waves

Answer 34

the waves measured on the EEG when you're awake

Question 35

what are theta waves?

Answer 35

brain waves measured by EEG in stage 1 of sleep (NREM)

Question 36

what are the characteristics of stage 1 NREM sleep?

Answer 36

transition period between wakefulness and sleep theta waves low amplitude, high frequency also known as light sleep

Question 37

what are delta waves?

Answer 37

stage 3 sleep transitional point between light and deep sleep slow wave sleep

Question 38

what are sleep spindles and k complexes in stage 2 sleep?

Answer 38

sleep spindles: trains of high-frequency waves | k complexes: brief high amplitude spike

Question 39

sleep stage 3 characteristics

Answer 39

slow-wave sleep delta waves low frequency high amplitude

Question 40

sleep stage 4 characteristics (REM)

Answer 40

muscle atonia frequency and amplitude resemble waking activity dreams