Week 1 Flashcards by Nicole Dawson

What are the disadvantages of classification?

Loss of individual info
Stigma
Stereotypes
Self-concept impact

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Why do we need to classify mental disorders?

Provide nomenclature for info structuring

Implications social & political

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How does culture affect what is considered abnormal?

Some forms specific to a culture

Culture affects the presentation of disorder

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Why is it important to see how common a disorder is?

Population factors may play a causal role

Planning, establishing and funding

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Epidemiology is?

Study of distribution to diseases or behavior in a given population

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What are the different types of prevalence?

Point- active cases in a point of time
One year- disorder over 1 year
Lifetime- prevalence at any time

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Incidence means?

New cases

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What are the estimates for prevalence for mental disorders?
Lifetime
Most prevalent category 
Most common 
Co morbidity

Lifetime of having DSM disorder is 46%
Most prevalent category is anxiety then mood disorder
Common individual disorder is major depression, alcohol abuse, phobias, conduct disorder
Co morbidity is high especially if there is a serious disorder

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How much % of the population has a long term disease?

11%

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What’s the highest prevalence of disorder age range

18-24

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What’s the ratio of psychological illness in the past year?

1:5

50% mood 46% anxiety

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What are the viewpoints for understanding abnormal causes?

Theoretical constructions
Pushing for an integrative bio psychological viewpoint
Help provide systems, focus and organize

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What is the biological viewpoint?

Mental disorder is diseases

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What are the categories of biological viewpoints?

Neurotransmitters
Genetic
Temperament
Brain dysfunction/ brain plasticity

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The impact of the biological viewpoint includes?

Drugs can alter the severity and course

Disorders classification rests on subjective opinion

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Can psychological causes distinguish from biological?

Only prior to nervous system reaction

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List the psychosocial viewpoints?

Psychodynamic 
Behavioral 
Cognitive-behavioral 
Humanistic
Existential

The psychodynamic perspectives are?

Id- instinct
Ego-mediator
Superego- internalizing taboos of society

Psychodynamic perspective include protective measures named ego-defense. These are?

Repression -thoughts not entering conscienceless
Displacement- pent up feelings on an object less threatening
Projections- attributing ones unacceptable motives or characteristics to others
Newer perspectives are object relations theory, attachment theory and interpersonal perspective

Learning perspectives include

Classic conditioning- specific stimulus and specific response
Instrumental- learns how to achieve a specific goal
Observational - learning from observation alone

Cognitive-behavioral clinicians attempt to?

Alter patients maladaptive cognitions through
Attributions- assigning causes to things
Attributional style- assign causes to bad or good events
Schematic- representation of knowledge that guides current processing

What are some of the psychosocial factors that have been explored?

Early deprivation
Inadequate parenting styles
Marital discord
Maladaptive peer relationships

Sociocultural viewpoint concerns

Social environment as a source of vulnerability and resistance

What are sociocultural causal factors?

Low SES
Unemployment
Prejudice and discrimination
Social change and uncertainty

What are the basic elements in assessment?

Identify Predict Establish baselines for function so treatment can be measured

What are some of the ethical issues of integration assessment data?

``` Cultural bias Theoretical orientation of the clinician Under emphasis external situation Insufficient validation Inaccurate data or premature evaluation ```

What are the benefits of classification?

Order Enabling communication Statistical research Insurance issues

Classification is only useful when

Its reliability and validity

What are the 3 basic approaches in classification?

``` Categorical approach (no overlap) Dimensional approach (range of superior to then impaired) Prototypical ( characteristics) ```

The DSM-5 is considered as not being?

Fixed

Most tests have defining features such as?

``` Standardized procedures Behavior sample Scores or categories Norms or standards Predictions of no test behavior ```

What does standardized mean?

The same from one examiner to another

Disorders contain necessary, sufficient & contributory cause? Explain

Necessary- disorder Y occurs Cause x must precede it Sufficient- cause X occurs then Disorder Y will also occur Contributory- if X occurs then the probability of Disorder Y increases

Explain how predisposition of developing a disorder ( distress) works

One or more distal that contribute to cause as well as a proximal ( stressor). Both are not in itself sufficient to cause disorder but together creates a diathesis

Protective factors can include

High self-esteem School achievement High intelligence Easy going temperament

Resilience is

The ability to adapt

What are the 3 dominant forces in psychology

Biological view- psychiatry, clinical science Behavioral & cognitive- clinical , psychiatry Socio-cultural- integrative approach

Biological focuses on 4 categories, these are ?

1. Neurotransmitters and hormones 2. Genetic vulnerabilities 3. Temperament 4. Brain dysfunction & neural plasticity

Genotype means? How does this shape a persons environment?

Genotype is the genetic endowment someone has ( the hand someone is dealt) This shapes the environment - 1. passive affect is environment interaction ( enriched, risky) 2. Evocative effect is the reaction from social & physical environment 3. Active effect is the seeking out of an environment

Genotype-environment interaction means ?

Sensitive or susceptible