Week 1-4

Question 1

Describe the metabolic responses that occur in the Fed State.

Question 2

Describe the metabolic responses in the Post-absorptive phase (phase II)

Question 3

Describe the metabolic processes that occur in the Glucogenic phase (III)

Question 4

Describe the metabolic processes that occur in the Adaptive phase (IV)

Question 5

Describe the metabolic processes that occur in the Fully Adapted Phase (V)

Question 6

What changes occur to insulin secretion during fasting?

Question 7

What changes occur to glucagon secretion during fasting?

Question 8

Describe the impact of fasting on metabolic rate and body composition.

Question 9

Describe the impact of extended fasting on nutrient absorption

Question 10

Define intermittent fasting

Question 11

What evidence base exists for intermittent fasting?

Question 12

Describe intermittent fasting concerns (5)

Question 13

Define gut microbiome and gut microbiota.

Question 14

Define probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics.

Question 15

Explain the immune function of the gut microbiota.

Question 16

Explain the metabolic function of the gut microbiota.

Question 17

Explain the function of the gut microbiota.

Question 18

How does the gut microbiome enhance the epithelial barrier?

Question 19

Define a healthy human gut microbiota/biome profile

Question 20

Provide evidence-based recommendations for the impact of probiotics on the gut microbiota

Question 21

Provide evidence-based recommendations for the impact of dietary patterns on the gut microbiota

Question 22

Provide evidence-based recommendations for the impact of macronutrients on the gut microbiota, and discuss the limitations of this research.

Question 23

What are the obstacles to making evidence-based recommendations for the impact of diet on the gut?

Question 24

Describe different white adipose tissue fat storage sites and give an example of each.

Answer 24

Visceral
Ectopic
Subcutaneous

Question 25

Describe white adipose tissue expansion.

Question 26

Outline why ectopic fat deposition occurs (2 reasons)

Question 27

Contrast “dysfunctional white adipose tissue” and “healthy adipose tissue”

Question 28

Define “metabolically healthy but obese” and “normal weight metabolically obese”

Question 29

Discuss the limitations of using obesity status to assess health risk.

Question 30

Discuss the historical/current definition and the emerging definition of obesity.

Question 31

Describe an evidence-based approach to obesity management

Question 32

Define insulin resistance.

Answer 32

The reduced ability/responsiveness of insulin to increase uptake & utilisation of glucose, suppress hepatic glucose production and adipose tissue lipolysis.

Question 33

Discuss the causes of IR (2)

Answer 33

Inflammation

Oxidative stress

Question 34

Describe the outcomes of IR in skeletal muscle

Question 35

Describe the outcomes of IR in the liver.

Question 36

Describe the outcomes of IR in adipose tissue

Question 37

Describe the outcomes of IR in blood vessels.

Question 38

Explain how IR causes hyperglycaemia.

Question 39

Explain the effect of IR on blood pressure.

Question 40

Explain the impact of IR on triglyceride levels.

Question 41

Explain the impact of IR on LDL

Question 42

Explain the impact of IR on HDL

Question 43

Explain how IR can be associated with increased or reduced insulin levels in circulation.

Question 44

Describe the role of IR and B-cell secretory deficit to T2DM

Question 45

How does IR promote hepatic steatosis?

Question 46

Describe the structure of dysfunctional white adipose tissue.

Question 47

Explain the limitations of using BMI as an assessment of health risk.

Question 48

Briefly explain how the gut microbiota influences our health.

Question 49

Identify one obstacle to making evidence-based recommendations for the impact of diet on gut microbiome/biota

Question 50

Describe the body’s metabolic responses adapt to minimise muscle mass loss during fasting.

Question 51

Describe the effect of fasting on carbohydrate metabolism?

Question 52

Describe the effect of fasting on protein metabolism?

Question 53

Describe the effect of fasting on fat metabolism?

Question 54

Describe the effect of fasting on ketone body metabolism?