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Week 1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

How many people are over 65? What percent of the population?

A

44.7 million, 14%

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2
Q

By what year is it projected that those over 65 will outnumber those under 18?

A

2033

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3
Q

What is causing the increase in life expectancy?

A
  • advanced health care
  • improved infectious disease control
  • advances in infant/child care
  • improvement in nutrition and sanitation
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4
Q

What were the top 5 leading causes of death in persons over 65 in 1980?

A

1) heart disease
2) malignant neoplasm
3) cerebrovascular
4) pneumonia and flu
5) COPD

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5
Q

What were the top 5 leading causes of death in persons over 65 in 2013?

A

1) heart disease
2) malignant neoplasm
3) chronic lower respiratory
4) cerebrovascular
5) alzheimer’s

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6
Q

What are basic actions difficulties?

A

Captures at least one limitation in movement, emotional, sensory or cognitive functioning

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7
Q

What are complex activity limitations?

A

A limitation in at least one selected social role, such as living independently or working

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8
Q

Hayflick Limit Theory

A

Limited amount of cell population doublings, average being 50 per life of the cell

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9
Q

Evolutionary Theory of Aging

A

An expansion of natural selection and states that each successive generation is more resistant to mutations and when mutations occur, they occur at a later age

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10
Q

Stress Theory

A

Survival into old age is enhanced by high vitality and resilience due to an underlying resistance to stress by the genes

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11
Q

Neuroendocrine Theory

A

Functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones are central to the aging process

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12
Q

Theory of Intrinsic Mutagenesis

A

Each species has specific characteristics of its genes that regulate the rate of errors, thereby affecting the life span.

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13
Q

Immunological Theory

A

The functional capacity of the immune system declines with age as a result of reduced T-cell function.

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14
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

Aging changes are due to damage caused by free radicals.

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15
Q

Caloric Restriction Theory

A

A life committed to a high-nutrient and low-calorie diet is beneficial and longer.

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16
Q

Error Theory of Aging

A

Any accident or error in either the machinery or the process of making proteins would cascade in multiple effects that would be incompatible with proper function and life.

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17
Q

Redundant DNA Theory

A

Biological age changes are a result of errors accumulating in genes. An accumulation of these takes over the system until it is exhausted.

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18
Q

Somatic Mutation Theory

A

Mutations or genetic damage result from radiation and these accumulate and create functional failure and death.

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19
Q

Transcription Theory

A

A control mechanism responsible for the appearance and the sequence of aging exists in the nuclear chromatin complex.

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20
Q

Cross-Linkage Theory

A

The large reactive proteins such as collagen cross-link and are responsible for aging.

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21
Q

Sleeping and Aging

A

Prolonged sleep loss effects homeostasis and the species’ ability to repair tissue.

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22
Q

The Hormonal Imbalance

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A

There is too much growth hormone and not enough insulin, which leads to a less healthy and shorter life.

23
Q

Telemeres Theory

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A

The length of the telomere is predictive of life span for that cell and ultimately of that organism.

24
Q

Progress of Cell Culture Aging Models Theory

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A

Dysregulation of non-traumatic and non-inflammatory cell death has been implicated in the development of diseases more prevalent in older persons.

25
Implications of the Genome Project Theory
Thre is a strong relationship between genetic influences and longevity.
26
Werner Syndrome Theory
Normal people carry variants of the gene that influence the life spans or predispose them to an early death.
27
What is the integrated model of aging?
Assumes that aging is a: - complex - multifactorial phenomenon in which some or all of the previously mentioned processes may contribute to the overall aging of an individual - aging is not adequately explained by any single theory.
28
What are the key elements of evidence-informed practice?
- best available scientific evidence - clinical experience and judgment of the practitioner - patient preferences and motivation
29
What are the 5 steps of EBP?
``` 1- ask 2- find 3- appraise 4- apply 5- evaluate ```
30
What does PICO stand for?
``` P = population/patient/problem I = Intervention or exposure C = comparison O = outcome ```
31
What does TT stand for?
``` T = type of question (therapy/treatment, diagnosis, prognosis, harm/etiology) T = type of study you want to find ```
32
Therapy/Treatment Questions
Evidence supports how to select treatments to offer your patients that do more good than harm and that are worth the efforts and costs of using them.
33
Diagnosis Questions
evidence supports how to select and interpret diagnostic tests, in order to confirm or exclude a diagnosis, based on considering their precision, accuracy, acceptability, expense, safety, etc.
34
Prognosis Questions
evidence supports how to estimate your patient’s likely clinical course over time and anticipate likely complications of the disorder.
35
Harm/Etiology Question
evidence supports how to identify causes for disease (including its iatrogenic forms).
36
Type of Study for Therapy/Treatment Questions
Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial | Systematic Review/Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled
37
Type of Study for Diagnosis Question
Controlled Trial | Systematic Review/Meta Analysis of Controlled Trial
38
Type of Study for Prognosis Question
Cohort Studies: Case control, case series
39
Type of Study for Harm/Etiology Question
Cohort Studies
40
Type of Study for Prevention Question
Randomized Controlled Trial: Cohort Studies
41
Type of Study for Quality Improvement
Randomized Controlled Trial
42
Credibility
Internal Validity | "Can you believe the results?" were patients randomized?
43
Transferability
External Validity | "Can the results be transferred to another situation"
44
Dependability
Reliability | "Would the results be similar if the study was repeated with the same subjects in a similar context?"
45
Confirmability
Objectivity | "was there an attempt to enhance objectivity by reducing research bias?"
46
Gerantology
the study of aging and older adults
47
Physical functioning
related to outcomes from hospitalization, nursing home admission, falling, level of dependency, and death in older individuals.
48
Physical function
assess one’s ability to carry out activities that require physical actions, ranging from self-care to more complex activities that require combo of skills, often with social context
49
Prevalent Activity Limitations
Decreased mobility (transfers), Hearing impairments, visual changes, decreased reaction time (increased risk of falls), difficulty with ADLs, IADLs, and work. Higher in obese, nonwhites, women, of lower socioeconomic status
50
What is the average lifespan? For males? Females?
``` Average = 78.8 Females = 81.2 Males = 76.4 ```
51
Activities of Daily Living
basic self-care and personal hygiene
52
Basic Activities of Daily Living
fundamental tasks necessary for survival (eating, bathing, grooming, transfers, toiling)
53
Prevalanet Chronic Condition
Chronic condition in older adults that occurs in at least 80% of the population, with 50% having two or more conditions; arthritis is the most prevalent condition causing an activity limitation, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hearing and vision impairments, and fractures

Geriatrics (4 decks)

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