Respiratory > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Define internal respiration

A

The internal respiration refers to the interacellular mechanism which consumes 02 and produces CO2

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2
Q

Define external respiration

A

refers to the event that lead to the exchange of 02 and co2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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3
Q

What is boyles law?

A

at any constant temperature the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of the gas

> As the volume of the gas increases the pressure exerted by the gas decrease

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4
Q

Define intrapleural fluid cohesiveness

A

The water molecules in the intrapleural fluid are attracted to each other and resist being pulled apart. Hence the pleural membranes tend to stick together.

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5
Q

Define the negative intrapleural pressure

A

the sub-atmospheric intrapleural pressure create a transmural pressure gradient across the lung wall and across the chest wall. So the lungs are forced to expand outwards while the chest is forced to squeeze inwards.

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6
Q

Name the nerves responsible for the contraction of the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve from cervical 3,4 and 5

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7
Q

Relate boyles law to respiration

A

> The intra-alveolar pressure must become less than atmospheric pressure for air to flow into the lungs during inspiration.

  • Before inspiration the intra-alveolar pressure is equivalent to atmospheric pressure
  • During inspiration the thorax and lungs expand as a result of contraction of inspiratory muscles
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8
Q

Define a Traumatic pneumothorax

A

A puncture in the chest wall permits air from the atmosphere to flow down its pressure gradient and enter the pleural cavity, abolishing the transmural pressure gradient.

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9
Q

Define a Collapsed lung

A

When the transmural pressure gradient is abolished, the lung collapses to its unstretched size, and the chest wall springs outward.

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10
Q

Define a Spontaneous pneumothorax

A

A hole in the lung wall permits air to move down its pressure gradient and enter the pleural cavity from the lungs, abolishing the transmural pressure gradient. As with traumatic pneumothorax, the lung collapses to its unstretched size.

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11
Q

What is la places law?

A

the smaller alveoli (with smaller radius - r) have a higher tendency to collapse

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12
Q

What is plumonary surfacant composed of?

A

mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by type II alveoli

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13
Q

What is the purpose of plumonary surfacant?

A

It lowers alveolar surface tension by interspersing between the water molecules lining the alveoli

Surfactant lowers the surface tension of smaller alveoli more than that of large alveoli

This prevent the smaller alveoli from collapsing and emptying their air contents into the larger alveoli

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14
Q

Explain respiratory Distress syndrome in a new born

A

Developing fetal lungs are unable to synthesize surfactant until late in pregnancy

Premature babies may not have enough pulmonary surfactant

This causes respiratory distress syndrome of the new born

The baby makes very strenuous inspiratory efforts in an attempt to overcome the high surface tension and inflate the lungs.

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15
Q

describe The Alveolar Interdependence

A

If an alveolus start to collapse the surrounding alveoli are stretched and then recoil exerting expanding forces in the collapsing alveolus to open it

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16
Q

Name 2 major muscle of inspiration

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Diaphragm
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17
Q

Name 2 Accessory Muscles

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenus muscle
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18
Q

Name 2 Major Muscles of Expiration

A
  • Abdominal muscles
  • internal intercostal muscle
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19
Q

What is FVC

A

Forced Vital Capacity

(maximum volume that can be forcibly

Expelled from the lungs following a maximum inspiration)

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20
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced Expiratory volume in one second

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21
Q

Discuss the changes in dynamic lung volumes in restrictive diseases

A

Lung restriction

LOW FVC & LOW FEV1

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22
Q

identify the factors which influence airway resistance

A
  • Primary determinant of airway resistance is the radius of the conducting airway
  • Diseases such as asthma and COPD
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23
Q

explain the concept of dynamic airway obstruction and its significance during expiration in patients with airway obstruction

A

Airway obstruction results in falling airway pressure

Dynamic airway compression makes active respiration more difficult in patients with airway obstruction

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24
Q

Explain the concept of using the peak flow meter to estimate the peak flow rate in patients with obstructive lung disease

Study These Flashcards
A

Peak flow rate assess the airway function

If result is low can indicate a obstructive disease

25
Define the compliance of lungs and explain how this can be affected by disease
Compliance is a measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs The less compliant the lungs are, the more work is required to produce a given degree of inflation Pulmonary compliance is decreased by factors such as pulmonary **fibrosis, pulmonary oedema, lung collapse, pneumonia, absence of surfactant** Compliance may become abnormally increased if the elastic recoil of the lungs is lost
26
Define what is meant by the term ‘work of breathing’
Normally requires 3% of total energy expenditure for quiet breathing Lungs normally operate at about “half full”
27
Outline some factors which increases the work of breathing
Work of breathing is increased in the following situations : - When pulmonary compliance is decreased - When airway resistance is increased - When elastic recoil is decreased - When there is a need for increased ventilation
28
Why is Alveolar ventilation less than pulmonary ventilation
Alveolar ventilation is less than pulmonary ventilation because the presence of anatomical dead space
29
Explain the basic principles of ventilation perfusion matching
* Ventilation is the rate at which gas is passing through the lungs * Perfusion is the rated at which blood is passing through the lung Local controls act on the smooth muscles of the airways and arterioles to match **airflow** to **blood flow**
30
what occurs when there is accumulation of CO2 in alveoli as a result of increased perfusion
Decreasesed airway resistance leading to increased airflow
31
\whate occurs when the is increased O2 concentration due to increased ventilation
cause vasodilation which increases bloodflow
32
What are the four factors which influence gas transfer across the alveolar membranes
1. Partial pressure gradient of 02 and C02 2. Diffusion coefficient 3. Surface are of alveolar membrane 4. thickness of alveolar membrane
33
Explain Daltons Law
The **Total Pressure** exerted by a gaseous mixture = The **sum of the partial pressure**s of each **individual component** in the gas mixture The pressure that one gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas present in the whole volume occupied by the mixture at a given temperature.
34
What is the significane of the of a big gradient between the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air and the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood
artial pressure gradient favours movement of oxygen to tissue cells
35
what are the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory system
Route for water loss and heat elimination Enhances venous return (Cardiovascular Physiology) Helps maintain normal acid-base balance Enables speech, singing, and other vocalizations Defends against inhaled foreign matter Removes, modifies, activates/inactivates various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation Nose serves as the organ of smell
36
What is henrys law?
the amount of a given gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid (e.g. blood) at a constant temperature is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the liquid
37
Relate henry's law to repsiratory system?
The O2 amount dissolved in blood is proportional to the partial pressure (Henry’s Law)
38
Describe the saturation of haemoglobin
Saturation depends ONLY on the partial pressure of oxygen (Concentration of haemoglobin DOES NOT affect the saturation)
39
Name 4 ways by which the Oxygen delivery to the tissues can be affected
1. Decreased partial pressure of inspired oxygen 2. Respiratory Disease 3. Anaemia 4. Heart Failure
40
describe the differences between maternal haemolglobin and fetal haeoglobin
HbF has 2 alpha and 2 gamma subunits - HbF interact less with 2,3 Biphosphoglycerate in red blood cells Hence, HbF has a higher affinity for O2 compared to adult haemoglobin (HbA) means O2-Hb dissociation curve for HbF is shifted to the left compared to HbA
41
Describe C02 transport in the blood as bicarbonate
Bicarbonate is formed in the blood by the following REVERSIBLE reaction The reaction takes place in _red blood cells_ is catalysed by **Carbonic Anhydrase**
42
Explain co2 transport as carbamino compounds
Carbamino compounds are formed by combination of CO2 with terminal amine groups in blood proteins. Reduced Hb can bind more CO2 than HbO2
43
What is the haldane effect?
Removing O2 from Hb increases the ability of Hb to pick-up CO2 and CO2 generated H+
44
What to the bohr affect and haldane effect work together to acheive?
O2 liberation and uptake of CO2 & CO2 generated H+ at tissues
45
Discuss the bohr affect and liberation of 02
Bohr Effect Facilitates the Removal of O2 from Haemoglobin at Tissue Level by shifting the O2-Hb Dissociation Curve to the Right
46
What two branches come off of your descending aorta
Right and left coronary artery
47
Name 3 types of asthma bronchodliators/relievers?
Short acting beta adrenoceptor agonists SABAs Long acting beta adrenoceptor agonists LABAs CysLT1 receptors
48
Name 3 tyes of asthma preventors/controolers (anti-inflammatory agents)
- Glucocorticoids - Cromoglicate - Humanised monocolonal IgE antibodies
49
Name three SABAs?
* Salbutamol * Abluterol * Terbutaline
50
What are the effects of SABAs?
Relaxes smooth airway muscle Increases mucus clearance
51
Name 2 LABAs
* Salmeterol * Formeterol
52
Whate are the effects of LABAs?
- Acute relief of bronchospasm - Long acting so useful for nocturnal asthmatics
53
Remember that LABAs CANNOT BE USED ALONE AND MUST ALWAYS BE USED AS AN ADD ON DRUG WITH A GLUCOCORTICOID. **NAME THE TWO COMBINATION INHALERS**
- SYMBICORT (formeterol and budesonide) - SERATIDE (Salmeterol and Fluticasone)
54
Name the two types of CysLT1 Receptors
Montelukast Zarfilukast
55
What are the effects of CysLT1 receptors?
- Effective add on therapy against bronchospasm - Effective against antigen or excersis induced bronchospasm - NOT FOR SEVERE ASTHMA
56
How are CysLT1 receptor antagonists adminstered?
Orally
57
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Respiratory (7 decks)

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