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CRM 100 > Week 1-5: Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Week 1-5: Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Since the Ideas of crime and justice are always shifting and changing (time, culture, etc), we can therefore usually say that crime is ______ ________ .

A

socially constructed

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2
Q
  1. In Toronto on Sundays from 1912 to 1961, it was
    _____ to toboggan in Toronto’s High Park.
  2. Why?
A

1) Illegal
2) It was the day of mass (church)

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3
Q

What helps define what is a crime?

A

a) historical context
b) prevailing cultural norms
c) how society perceives crime (shifting, debate)

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4
Q

“An act or omission that is prohibited
by criminal law” is a _____ ______ definition of Crime.

A

OBJECTIVIST LEGALISTIC

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5
Q

FORMAL DEFINITION OF CRIME / “OBJECTIVIST LEGALISTIC is known as

A

“An act or omission that is prohibited
by criminal law”

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6
Q

Two main elements of a crime

A
  1. The commission of an act (actus reus)
  2. The mental intent to commit the act (mens
    rea).
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7
Q

3 main types of offenses

A
  1. Summary
  2. Indictable
  3. Hybrid
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8
Q

Types of Crimes that are Less serious (causing disturbance, or prostitution related offences . Very few laws are purely these offences and only 6 months to charge them with a maximum of 6 months in prison)

A

Summary

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9
Q

Type of crimes that are more serious (ie, murder sexual assault, weapons, etc) and have to appear before a judge or jury which the crown decides (Offenses usually are more serious and charges can be brought to you at any point beyond six months)

A

Indictable

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10
Q

Type of crimes where the Crown chooses whether to treat as indictable or summary (ie, assault with a weapon, or posession of cocaine)

A

Hybrid

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11
Q

____ occurs when one;
1. Violates a provision in criminal law
2. Has the actus reus and mens rea
3. Does not have legal justification for the act

A

Crime

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12
Q

True / False: definition of criminal code
offences are a site of intense legal debate.

A

True

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13
Q

(Assuming in Canada) ______ % of cases are plea deals

A

90%

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14
Q

True / False: very few crimes / cases don’t make it to the system or are thrown out because of these time limits on summary offences

A

False

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15
Q

IF YOU ONLY TAKE THE Objectivist Legalistic STANDPOINT OF CRIME
1. Crime is only defined by _____ ______ .
2 Focus is: ___________________________________

A
  1. Legal statutes
  2. why crime is committed so policy makers can create
    regulations to reduce it.
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16
Q

a person’s facial features or expression, especially when regarded as indicative of character or ethnic origin and determining crime

A

Physiognomy

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17
Q

What are two negative outcomes of not considering why something is considered a crime in the first place?

A
  1. You won’t focus on who decides what is a crime
  2. You wont focus on the broader social context
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18
Q

determining the skull structure as a indicative of character and likeliness to commit crime

A

Phrenology

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19
Q

This italian “father” of scientific criminology used phrenology / physiognomy to argue that criminality was inherited, and that the “born criminal” could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as “savage,” or “atavistic.”

A

Cesare Lombroso

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20
Q

stigmata (Lombroso)

A

abnormal or uncommon physical characteristics that predicts an individual as a criminal or not

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21
Q

atavism (lombroso)

A

persons who were not fully evolved (or earlier forms of man or primates)

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22
Q
  • A twisted nose
  • Excessive cheekbones
  • Long arms
  • Wrinkles
  • Large Jaw
  • Large Chin
    are all a part characteristics of a _______ according to ___________
A
  1. Criminal
  2. Cesare Lombroso
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23
Q

3 Types of Theories of why an individual commits a
crime (Objectivist Legalistic Approach)

A
  1. Biological Cause
  2. Psychological Cause
  3. Sociological Cause
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24
Q

Based on the Objectivist Legalistic Approach: being physically / psychologically an inferior human or being a “Criminal Atavist” is a ______________ of Criminality

A

Biological Cause

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25
Q

Based on the Objectivist Legalistic Approach: Having Pathology and personality defects such as the inability to feel emotions or remorse is a __________ of Criminality

A

Psychological Cause

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26
Q

Based on the Objectivist Legalistic Approach: Not being able to conform to socially accepted norms and values (due to environmental conditions or lack of self control) is a _________ of Criminality

A

Sociological Cause

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27
Q

The notion that the legal status of behaviour is not determined by the behaviour itself, but is the result of the social response to the behaviour.

A

Social Construction of Crime

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28
Q

A condition, episode, person or group of
persons emerges to become defined as a
threat to moral norms.

A

Moral Panic

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29
Q

In the early 1900’s Canada’s “Opium Act” is a good example of _______ / or / ______ _____

A

Social Construction of Crime or Moral Panic

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30
Q

________ Theorists critique the assumption that our laws represent the agreed upon interests and values of society as a whole

A

Conflict

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31
Q

Societies are more organised by conflict than they are integrated by consensus

A

Conflict Theory

32
Q

_____ Theorists would believe The social norms and values codified into law have been promoted by the more powerful and dominant groups in society

A

Conflict

33
Q

“Crime is a political and social construction designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor and marginalised.”
and
“Concept of crime is controlled by wealth, power, and position, not by moral consensus of values or fear of social disorder.”
are two Basic Expanded definitions of ______ ________ .

A

Conflict Theory

34
Q

______ Theorists would believe that an agreement exists on outlawed
behavior, and that Laws apply to all citizens
equally

A

Consensus

35
Q

True / False: Lombroso also had physical or atavist traits for women

A

True

36
Q

“NATIONAL MEDIA COULD NOT FATHOM HOW A ‘GOOD
WOMAN’ COULD BE INVOLVED IN VIOLENT CRIME” was a gender misconception in Canada’s case of _____

A

Karla Homolka

37
Q

he criminal body is like a disease that will
potentially infect the “social body” (society).

A

Medical model of criminality

38
Q

Spanish Horse, Witch
Burnings and Lombrosos female offender criteria are all historical examples of ________ ________

A

Policing Femininity

39
Q

A criminal sentence which is used for mostly criminally insane (actus reus), sometimes life in institutions; very luckily parole

A

Indeterminate Sentence

40
Q

Why did Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka’s murders cause National Media Discourse and were known to “shatter Canada’s innocence”

A

Ideal perfect couple (heteronormative & monogamous) capable of extreme evil

41
Q

________ Theory is a sexist belief that refers to the attribution of male characteristics to women in an attempt to understand their behavior rather than locating women’s behavior in female experience or structural location

A

Masculinization

42
Q

_________ Theory is the sexist belief that women who commit crimes are awarded more lenient sentences than males who commit crime

A

Chivalry

43
Q

_________ Theory is the sexist belief the treatment of social conditions or mental
states, or collections of symptoms which are considered undesirable as if they were a medical problem. This shifts the blame on the individual instead of the society.

A

Medicalization

44
Q

3 Sexist Explanations / Theories for Female Crime

A

Masculinization Theory
Chivalry Theory
Medicalization Theory

45
Q

The idea that representations of women continue to
be shaped by dominant cultural
representations, and that not all classes and races of women
enjoy the same privilege of seeing
themselves reflected back in the frame
of normative femininity is known as _________

A

Hierarchy Of
Worthiness

46
Q

_________ __________ suggests that societal expectations of how women should behave (what men believe) conflict with perceptions of crime

A

Normative Femininity

47
Q

The “Dark Figure of Crime”

A

Sexual Assault

48
Q

______ ______ is a reflection of larger problems of hegemonic
masculinity

A

Sexual Violence

49
Q

_____ % of postsecondary students (western)
have either experienced or witnessed sexual violence on
campus.

A

71%

50
Q

____ _____ Stereotypes shape police decisions around who is worthy of
the protection of the law and function to
blame and disqualify women who fail to
conform to these narrow ideals

A

‘‘ideal victims”

51
Q

Level of assault of a sexual nature that violates the sexual integrity
of the victim.

A

Level 1

52
Q

sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm
involves sexual assault with a weapon, threats to use a weapon or
causing bodily harm

A

Level 2

53
Q

aggravated sexual assault involves sexual assault that
wounds, maims, disfigures or endangers the life of the victim

A

Level 3

54
Q

True / False: No statue of limitations / time limit when it comes to sexual assault

A

True

55
Q

True / False: Convicted sexual assaults usually have harsh punishments

A

True

56
Q

highest rate age of sexual assault is young women from ______ - ______

A

15-19

57
Q

How do we even know that sexual assault is
underreported?

A
  1. Hospital Studies
  2. Self Reporting
  3. GSS (General Social Survey)
58
Q

True / False: Sexual Assault is less likely to happen in rural areas

A

False

59
Q

The two main gaps in groups for sexual assault are

A
  1. males
  2. elderly
60
Q

The ______ in Canada is when Respondents are asked to report any violations of
the criminal law that they have committed, or
victimizations that they have experienced
without fear of disclosure or arrest

A

GSS

61
Q

Rape Myths

A
  • Clothes
  • Should have fought back (keep knees together)
  • Shouldn’t have been taking substances
  • Shouldn’t go out at night alone
    etc
62
Q

“Us vs Them”, “Loyalty to each other”, Authoritarianism, feeling like the public is against them, camaraderie, or shielding peers from punitive action, are all examples of

A

Police Subculture

63
Q

The strategy that Police should address crime – often in
collaboration with community or with Problem solving models

A

Problem-Oriented Policing

64
Q

Carding

A
  • Youth, especially Indigenous, Black and other racialized youth, and youth in low-income housing, are disproportionately impacted
  • They can establish either a friendly or an antagonistic relationship
    with police that will last a lifetime
  • negative effect on the physical and mental health of those living in areas where
    there are high levels of pedestrian stops
  • negatively impacts employment and educational opportunities
  • were not necessarily reflective of the resident populations of the
    communities where they lived
65
Q

The policing model named “SARA” stands for

A

Scanning: identifying/prioritizing problems
Analysis: Researching the problem (study effects/prevention)
Response: Developing Solutions to bring permanent reductions
Assessment: Evaluating Success of response

66
Q
  • Biodata
    Facial recognition software
    Traffic & car cams
    Body cams
    Licence plate readers
    GPS locators
    are all a part of
A

Algorithmic Trend Policing / Predictive Policing

67
Q

Racialized folks being in white wealthy neighborhoods which leads to
More stops and arrests
 Inaccurate data sets
is known as __________ Theory

A

“Out of Place” theory

67
Q

Higher concentration of racialized communities
More police patrols & active law enforcement
Disproportiate ‘hotspots’ in disinvested areas
are all related to

A

Socially disinvested neighborhoods

68
Q

Black people accounted for 35% of those arrested for
possession offenses when they make up less than 10% of
Toronto population, however studies show that

A

Black people do not use drugs more than
any other group.

69
Q

visible signs of crime, antisocial behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes

A

Broken Windows Approach

70
Q

Strict order-maintenance approach by police in a
targeted area

A

Zero-Tolerance Policing

71
Q

socially constructed identity that has changed over time, ex.
Italian, Irish, Eastern Europe

A

Whiteness

72
Q

The _______ _______ ______require police to immediately notify the SIU of incidents
where there is a serious injury or death involving
police. However, still is not reported or misled

A

Police Services Act

73
Q

____% of SIU investigators are former cops

A

70%

74
Q

TPS officers were cleared of criminal wrongdoing in
over ___% of all SIU investigations
Between 2002-2016: clearance rate of ___%

A
  1. 90%
  2. 97%
75
Q

Issues with SIU investigations include:

A
  • Witness officers refusing to answer
    questions
    Officers not completing notes or destroying
    them
    Attempts to access security camera footage
    while a SIU investigation was in progress
76
Q

True / False: Body Cams have been shown to work great

A

False

CRM 100 (2 decks)

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