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Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Necessity of immunological system in humans

A

Human body temperature is optimal for bacteria and other infectious agents to grow - we need protection

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2
Q

Most common manifestation of infection

A

FEVER

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3
Q

Role of commensal microflora in host defense

A

Provides molecular signals for development in human immune system

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4
Q

Lactobacillus acidophilus

A

Major component of vaginal microflora; Keeps vagina pH 5.0 to prevent yeast growth/vaginitis

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5
Q

Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Infected tissue must have microorganism not present in healthy humans
  2. Microogranism must be isolated, grown in culture
  3. When injected into healthy animal, must cause disease associated with it
  4. 2nd generation microorganism isolated and shown to be identical to original microorganism
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6
Q

Gram + Bacteria

A

Extremely thick layer of peptidoglycan (crystal violet binds and stains)

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7
Q

Gram - Bacteria

A

Contains LPS on outer leaflet of outer membrane

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8
Q

HDM against intracellular pathogens

A

Kill infected cells via CTLs, NK cells, T cells, and macrophages

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9
Q

HDM against extracellular pathogens

A

EC pathogens circulating in the body; antibodies and complement fight pathogens; inflammation and toxins

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10
Q

Endotoxins

A

Components of bacterial cell wall

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11
Q

Exotoxins

A

Actively secreted by bacteria

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12
Q

Tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

A

Macrophage activation results in granulomatous inflammation and tissue distruction

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13
Q

Legionnaire’s disease (legionella pneumophila)

A

Cytotoxin lyses cells and causes lung injury and inflammation

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14
Q

Immunity

A

Cooperative defense mechanisms that provide protection from various infectious diseases

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15
Q

Antigens

A

Noninfectious foreign substances can elicit immune response

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16
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Self-Ags in body elicit autoimmune response

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17
Q

Primary Immune System components

A

Bone marrow, Thymus

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18
Q

Secondary Immune System components

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal immune tissues

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19
Q

Mobile elements of immune system

A

Immune cells, Abs, complement, acute phase proteins

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20
Q

Innate immunity

A

First line of defense; works rapidly, causes acute inflammation, some specificity, NO memory

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21
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Takes longer to develop than innate; highly specific, shows memory

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22
Q

Opsonin

A

Deposited onto microbes and enhances their uptake by phagocytes bearing complement receptors

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23
Q

Inflammation

A

Main innate immune response; heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function (due to infection, tissue damage)

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24
Q

Cytokines (general definition)

A

Activation of immune cells

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25
Antibody
Produced by B cells to identify and neutralize antigens
26
Neutrophils
Phagocytosis, digestion of microbes; mediate earliest phases of inflammatory reactions
27
Eosinophils
Allergic reactions, defense against helminths; tissue fixed
28
Basophils
Allergic reactions, elimination of parasites; circulate in the blood
29
Mast cells
Allergic reactions; Release TNFalpha, IL-8, IL-5, PAF, and histamine
30
PAMPs
"Pathogen-associated molecular patterns" on pathogen that can be recognized by immune cells
31
PRRs
"Pattern Recognition Receptors" on immune cells that recognize PAMPs as non-self
32
TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer
Ligands: Lipopeptides, GPI (PM)
33
TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer
Ligands: Lipoteichoic acid, Zymosan (PM)
34
TLR3
Ligand: Double-stranded viral RNA (Endosome)
35
TLR4:TLR4 homodimer
Ligand: LPS (PM)
36
TLR5
Ligand: Flagellin (PM)
37
TLR7
Ligand: Single-stranded viral RNA (Endosome)
38
TLR8
Ligand: Single-stranded viral RNA (Endosome)
39
TLR9
Ligand: Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA (Endosome)
40
ROS
Modify/cause destruction of certain bacteria
41
Chronic granulomatous disease
Defect in NADPH oxidase activity, inability to produce hydrogen peroxide; genetic d/o leading to chronic and recurrent infection
42
TNF
Source: macrophages, T cells Effects: Inflammation of endothelial cells, neutrophil activation, fever, synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver, muscle/fat catabolism, apoptosis in many cells
43
IL-1
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial Effects: inflammation of endothelial cells, fever, synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver
44
Chemokines
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, platelets Effects: chemotaxis, activation of leukocytes
45
IL-12
Source: macrophages, DCs Effects: IFN-gamma synthesis and increased cytolytic activity by NK and T cells, Th1 differentiation
46
IFN-gamma
Source: NK cells, T lymphocytes Effects: activation of macrophages, stimulation of some Ab response
47
Type I IFNs (alpha, beta)
Source: macrophages, fibroblasts Effects: antiviral state, increased MHCI expression in all cells, activation of NK cells
48
IL-10
Source: macrophages, T cells Effects: Inhibition of IL-12 production, reduced expression of costimulators and MHCII (anti-inflammatory)
49
IL-6
Source: macrophages, endothelial cells, T cells Effects: Synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver, proliferation of B cells
50
IL-15
Source: macrophages, etc. Effects: NK and T cell proliferation
51
IL-18
Source: Macrophages Effects: IFN-gamma synthesis by NK, T cells
52
Local effects of cytokines
Inflammation, sending signals for circulating immune cells to come to infection site
53
Systemic effects of cytokines
Fever, shock, etc.
54
MACs
Formed from large fragments of serum proteins during complement cascade - disrupt membrane of certain pathogens
55
Alternative pathway of complement activation
Activated by microbial-cell wall; most ancient
56
Lectin pathway of complement activation
Activated by interaction of microbial carbohydrates with MBP in plasma (more sensitive)
57
Classic pathway of complement activation
Activated by Ag-Ab complexes (most sensitive)
58
A workup on an ill child revealed low levels of complement C3 in her blood. Which of the following did the child most likely manifest? A. Chronic eczema B. Immune hemolytic anemia C. Incomplete recovery from viral infection D. Poor response to vaccination E. Recurrent infections with extracellular bacteria
E. Recurrent infections with extracellular bacteria
59
HSC (CD34+)
Differentiate into functionally mature cells of all blood cell lineages (from fetal liver/spleen; adult bone marrow)
60
G-CSF
Needed for development of neutrophils
61
M-CSF
Needed for development of monocytes
62
CBC and DIFF
CBC: complete blood count DIFF: differential leukocyte count Provide complete hematologic picture of case
63
Leukocytosis
Increased WBC count; usually physiological due to infection/inflammation
64
"Left Shift" in leukocytosis
Due to increase in less mature forms of WBCs (significant release of cells due to infection - not enough time to mature)
65
Leukopenia
Reduction in circulating WBCs
66
Neutropenia
Reduced number of circulating neutrophils; increases risk of life-threatening infection; caused by chemo or radiation therapy
67
Defensins
Cationic proteins active against bacteria, fungi, enveloped/nonenveloped viruses
68
Lactoferrin
Specific granule; acute phase protein that binds and prevents iron from becoming available to bacteria
69
Killing mechanisms of neutrophils
Phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs
70
Monocytes
Circulate in blood, migrate to tissues for maturation to macrophages
71
Macrophages
Long-lived, reside in the tissues; phagocytosis, APC
72
Monocytosis
Increased number of monocytes in blood; due to chronic infection, AI disorders, cancer, sarcoidosis
73
Monocytopenia
Low number of monocytes in blood; due to endotoxemia, chemotherapy
74
Eosinophilia
Increase in eosinophils above 500 mcL; caused by allergic events and parasitic infection
75
Neutrophil recruitment cascade
Rolling, Adhesion, Crawling, Transmigration
76
Rolling
Selectin-dependent
77
Adhesion
Integrin-dependent, mediated by IL-8

COM HDM (2 decks)

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