Week 1

Question 1

what is the pubertal development scale called?

Answer 1

tanner stages

Question 2

can a parent authorise treatment if a competent young person has denied treatment and the treatment is in their best interest?

Answer 2

no, you would need to seek legal advice

Question 3

name the framework used to for topics of discussion with young people

Answer 3

HEEADSSS
home
education/employment
eating
activity
drugs
sex
suicidality
safety

Question 4

what particular things should you ask in drug history that are usually forgotten?

Answer 4

inhalers
creams
contraception

Question 5

can breastfeeding prevent pneumonia?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

treatment for diarrhoea?

Answer 6

rehydration eg by oral solution

zinc supplements

Question 7

how do oral rehydration solutions work?

Answer 7

creates osmotic pull for water so it is instantly absorbed in the jejeunum

Question 8

how can HIV present in a baby?

Answer 8

recurrent bacterial infections or thrush
lymphadenopathy
persistent fever
recurrent childhood illnesses

Question 9

when would HIV be classed as an epidemic?

Answer 9

prevalent in >1% of pregnant women

Question 10

diagnostic tests for HIV in a child <18 months?

Answer 10

viral PCR

Question 11

diagnostic test for HIV in a child >18 months?

Answer 11

serological rapid antibody test

Question 12

treatment for HIV in children?

Answer 12

two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prophylactic co-trimoxazole

Question 13

TB investigations?

Answer 13

acid fast bacilli
ifny release assay
CXR

Question 14

TB treatment in children?

Answer 14

RIPE
rifampicin
isoniazide
pyrazinamid
ethambutol

Question 15

what vaccine prevents TB?

Answer 15

BCG

Question 16

malaria presentation?

Answer 16

fever
pallor
non specific malaise

Question 17

malaria investigations?

Answer 17

blood film for microscopy

Question 18

malaria treatment?

Answer 18

artemisinin based combo therapy for 3 days

Question 19

inheritable disorders that can cause obesity?

Answer 19

downs syndrome
prader willi syndrome
duchennes muscular dystrophy
fragile X

Question 20

recommended screen time for children

Answer 20

<2hrs per day

Question 21

recommended physical activity for under 5s who can walk?

Answer 21

> 3hrs per day

Question 22

recommended physical activity for >5s?

Answer 22

1hr per day

Question 23

when would orlistat be introduced to young people with obesity?

Answer 23

if they are severely obese with comorbidities and are attending a specialist clinic

Question 24

what is the 1 2 3 approach to obesity?

Answer 24

1hr of physical activity
2hrs max screen time
3 balanced meals

Question 25

name the 4 categories of milestone in child development?

Answer 25

gross motor skills fine motor and vision language and hearing social and play

Question 26

what motor/vision exercise should a baby be able to do by 6 weeks?

Answer 26

follow a torch

Question 27

when should a baby's head stop lagging?

Answer 27

3 months

Question 28

when should a baby be able to drink from a cup?

Answer 28

1 yr

Question 29

when should a baby be able to run?

Answer 29

18 months

Question 30

when should a child be able to respond to and know their name?

Answer 30

1yr

Question 31

when should a child start making sounds eg ahgaga

Answer 31

9 months

Question 32

when should a child stand?

Answer 32

12 months

Question 33

when should a child crawl?

Answer 33

9 months

Question 34

after how many months would not walking be a red flag?

Answer 34

18 months

Question 35

how many months of supported sitting would be a red flag?

Answer 35

12 months

Question 36

when would not speaking be a red flag?

Answer 36

18 months

Question 37

what investigation should be done into a child with a red flag for walking?

Answer 37

CK

Question 38

define global developmental delay?

Answer 38

significant delay in 2 categories of development

Question 39

give examples of motor delays?

Answer 39

cerebral palsy | duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 40

give an example of developmental deviation disorder?

Answer 40

autism

Question 41

how would you investigate developmental delay?

Answer 41

``` chromosomes FRAZ oligoarray CGH CK neonatal PKU ```

Question 42

what kind of jaundice is most common in babies?

Answer 42

breast milk jaundice

Question 43

when is jaundice termed as "prolonged" in term infants?

Answer 43

2 weeks

Question 44

when is jaundice termed as "prolonged" in preterm infants?

Answer 44

21 days

Question 45

most common presentations in the newborn?

Answer 45

jaundice vomiting failure to thrive sepsis

Question 46

causes of vomiting in a newborn?

Answer 46

reflux pyloric stenosis duodenal atresia

Question 47

5 most common respiratory problems in children?

Answer 47

``` bronchiolitis croup viral URTI asthma acute tonsillitis ```

Question 48

what bug is the cause of acute epiglottitis?

Answer 48

influenza B

Question 49

how could you detect nausea in a child from the history?

Answer 49

if they aren't eating

Question 50

normal resp rate for a child <1?

Answer 50

30-40

Question 51

normal resp rate for a child aged 1-2?

Answer 51

25-35

Question 52

nomal resp rate for a 2-5yr old?

Answer 52

25-30

Question 53

normal resp rate for a 5-12 year old?

Answer 53

20-25

Question 54

normal resp rate for over 12s?

Answer 54

<20

Question 55

intussusception presentation?

Answer 55

PR bleeding, jelly like stool, abdo pain

Question 56

colic presentation?

Answer 56

abdo pain | drawing legs up after feed

Question 57

most common surgical causes of abdo pain in infants?

Answer 57

intussusception volvulus incarcerated hernia

Question 58

who typically gets osgood schlatters?

Answer 58

adolescent active boys

Question 59

what MSK problem would a limp in a child suggest?

Answer 59

DDH perthes transient synovitis

Question 60

what would joint pain in a child indicate?

Answer 60

``` reactive arthritis perthes sufe osgood schlatters growing pains bone tumour ```

Question 61

treatment for impetigo - mild and severe?

Answer 61

mild - topical | severe - IV antibiotics

Question 62

what virus caused slap cheek?

Answer 62

parvovirus b19

Question 63

scarlet fever presentation?

Answer 63

red cheeks tonsillitis fever strawberry tongue

Question 64

most common cause of limp in a child?

Answer 64

transient synovitis

Question 65

how can you examine a child for dehydration?

Answer 65

check fontanelle to see if it is sunken

Question 66

what kind of cry is considered a red flag?

Answer 66

weak high pitched continuous

Question 67

what urine output would be considered a red flag?

Answer 67

none in 18h

Question 68

what cap refill would be considered an amber flag?

Answer 68

>3 secs

Question 69

what does gower's sign indicate?

Answer 69

weakness of the pelvic girdle

Question 70

what kind of inheritance is neurofibromatosis type 1?

Answer 70

autosomal dominant

Question 71

how do you treat hydrocephalus in cerebral palsy?

Answer 71

drain via ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Question 72

what type of hearing loss results from a blockage of the ear?

Answer 72

conductive

Question 73

what type of hearing loss is glue ear?

Answer 73

conductive

Question 74

how do you treat glue ear?

Answer 74

use a grommet

Question 75

what weeks of pregnancy are most likely for the baby to get spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy?

Answer 75

24-32 weeks

Question 76

what kind of gait do cerebral palsy patients have?

Answer 76

intoeing

Question 77

name the components of the autism triad

Answer 77

flexibility of thinking social interaction communication

Question 78

what category of development to children with albinism struggle with and why?

Answer 78

fine motor due to vision problems

Question 79

when should children lose the atonic neck reflex?

Answer 79

6 months

Question 80

in what condition do children retain the atonic neck reflex >6 months?

Answer 80

cerebral palsy

Question 81

name 2 methods of passive immunity

Answer 81

mother to baby blood donation injection of human Ig or anti-toxin

Question 82

how long do mum's antibodies last in baby?

Answer 82

1 yr

Question 83

what is a toxin?

Answer 83

a part of a virus/organism

Question 84

is an anti-toxin or vaccine faster acting?

Answer 84

anti-toxin

Question 85

``` which of these is NOT a live attenuated virus vaccine? flu rotavirus MMR typhoid varicella ```

Answer 85

typhoid (inactivated)

Question 86

name 4 contraindications to vaccination?

Answer 86

previous anaphylactic reaction to vaccine immunosuppression/pregancy (live) egg allergy for yellow fever/flu acute illness

Question 87

characteristic presentation of diphtheria?

Answer 87

white membrane inside mouth and/or nose

Question 88

bacteria responsible for diphtheria?

Answer 88

corynebacterium diptheriae

Question 89

in what age groups is meningococcal disease most active?

Answer 89

<5 | 15-24

Question 90

when does human brain development begin?

Answer 90

week 3 of pregnancy

Question 91

how does PKU affect the brain?

Answer 91

phenylalanine produced by mother is a precursor to neurotransmitters in the child's brain

Question 92

what timeframe is the embryonic period to and from?

Answer 92

conception to week 9

Question 93

what timeframe is fetal development from and to?

Answer 93

week 9-40

Question 94

what is the stage after fetal development called?

Answer 94

post natal development

Question 95

what are the 2 starting layers of the embryo called?

Answer 95

epiblast and hypoblast

Question 96

what do the epiblast and hypoblast eventually become?

Answer 96

epiblast becomes baby | hypoblast becomes placenta and cord

Question 97

what does the primitive node do?

Answer 97

conducts how the embryo behaves and moves

Question 98

what does the ectoderm eventually form?

Answer 98

skin nails hair neural tissue

Question 99

what does the mesoderm eventually fom?

Answer 99

muscle bone cartilage vascular system

Question 100

what does the endoderm eventually form?

Answer 100

gut | respiratory system

Question 101

what is the first neural structure to form in development?

Answer 101

neural tube

Question 102

what lines the inner (ventricular) zone of the neural tube?

Answer 102

neural progenitors

Question 103

what does the bottom of the neural tube form?

Answer 103

spinal cord

Question 104

name 2 cells made in the ventricular zone of the neural tube?

Answer 104

progenitor cells | neurons

Question 105

which cells migrate from the ventricular zone?

Answer 105

neurons

Question 106

do cells closer or further away from the neural tube migrate further?

Answer 106

closer

Question 107

what do dendrites do?

Answer 107

gather info and transmit to neurons

Question 108

what do axons do?

Answer 108

transmit signals from neurons

Question 109

does brain development continue into adolescence?

Answer 109

yes

Question 110

is there an increase of white or grey matter in adolescence?

Answer 110

white

Question 111

what part of the brain is the first to evolve in adolescence?

Answer 111

sensorimotor cortex

Question 112

X drives anatomical reorganisation of the brain in adolescence

Answer 112

X = the limbic system

Question 113

what is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 113

failure of brain vesicles to form

Question 114

what impact does malnutrition have on the brain?

Answer 114

damages brain growth, volume and myelination