Week 1

Question 1

What two major muscles are involved with inspiration?

Answer 1

Diaphragm

External intercostal muscles

Question 2

What is boyles law?

Answer 2

If volume of a gas increases the pressure of the gas decreases

Question 3

A smaller alveoli is more likely to collapse than a larger one due to what law?

Answer 3

La places

Question 4

What cell produced surfactant in the lung?

Answer 4

Type II alveolar cell/ Type II pneumocyte

Question 5

What forces allow the alveoli to stay open?

Answer 5

Transmural pressure gradient
Pulmonary surfactnat
Alveolar interdependence

Question 6

What is respiratory distress syndrome of the new born?

Answer 6

Where surfactant hasnt been produced yet due to baby being premature. So strain lungs as huge resistnace

Question 7

Describe the step up treatments for asthma

Answer 7

SABA (salbutamol) as needed
ICS (beclomethasone) + LABA
ICS + LTRA (montelukast)
LABA (salmeterol)/ ICS + LTRA (review)
Increase ICS in above
LAMA ( tiotropium) or methylxanthines (theophylline)

Question 8

Define pulmonary ventilation

Answer 8

The volume of air breathed in and out per minute

Question 9

Define alveolar ventilation

Answer 9

Volume exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

Question 10

Define daltons law

Answer 10

In a mixture of non-reacting gases the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases

Question 11

What is the equation to determine the partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air when given the partial pressure of 02 in inspired air and co2 in arterial blood?

Answer 11

PA02= Pi02 - (PaC02/ 0.8)

Question 12

Oxygen is more soluble across membranes than co2. True or false?

Answer 12

FALSE, co2 more soluble to make it easier to transfer Co2 into the lungs

Question 13

The movement of gas across a tissue is proportional to the surface area and inversely proportional to its thickness. True or false?

Answer 13

True!

g= SA/ thickness

Question 14

Define henrys law

Answer 14

If the partial pressure of a gas increases then the concentration of the diffused gas in the liquid would also increase proportionally

Question 15

What are the two mechanisms of oxygen transportation

Answer 15

Bound to haemoglobin

Dissolved in plasma

Question 16

What is the shape of the oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 16

Sigmoid

Question 17

What is the effect of the oxygen Hb curve with increased Pco2, H+ and temperature?

Answer 17

Shift to the right

Question 18

What can cause impairment to the oxygen delivery to tissue?

Answer 18

Respiratory disease
Heart failure; decreased cardiac output
Anaemia; decresed Hb conc

Question 19

What are the modes of transport of Co2 in the body?

Answer 19

As solution
As bicarbonate (by carbonic amyhydrase in RBCs)
Carbamino compounds

Question 20

What is the haldane effect?

Answer 20

When Hb releases an O2 molecule it then has a high affinity for Co2 and H+ ions.

Question 21

Where would you auscultate the middle lobe?

Answer 21

Between right ribs 4 and 6

Question 22

At what vertebral level would you auscultate the lung bases?

Answer 22

T11

Question 23

What is the site of the horizontal fissure?

Answer 23

Right 4th rib

Question 24

Name the monoclonal antibody drug against IgE

Answer 24

Omalizumab

Question 25

What is a palpable reference point for cardiopulmonary resuscitation?

Answer 25

Xiphoid process

Question 26

Which vessel do the bronchial arteries arise from?

Answer 26

Anterior surface of the descending aorta

Question 27

Describe the course of the azygous vein

Answer 27

Lies to the right side of the spine then archs around the right lung root to drain into the superior vena cava

Question 28

A vessel has been pinned, it is inferoporterior in the lung roots, containing oxygenated blood. What is it?

Answer 28

Pulmonary vein (going towards theheart)

Question 29

A vessel has been pinned it is superomedial in the lung root carrying deoxygenated blood. What is it?

Answer 29

Pulmonary artery

Question 30

What is the function of the transmural pressure gradient?

Answer 30

Keeps the visceral and parietal pleurae close together

Question 31

What is the shape of the myoglobin dissociate curve

Answer 31

Hyperbolic curve

Question 32

What is the site of the oblique fissure

Answer 32

Posteriorly the T3 vertebrae and the 6th rib

Question 33

What is the vertebral level defining the change of upper and lower resp tract

Answer 33

C6

Question 34

Describe the location of the phrenic nerves in the neck, chest and cervical levels

Answer 34

Neck; on anterior surface of scalenus anterior Chest; over lateral aspects of the heart, anterior to the lung roots C3,4,5

Question 35

What anti-inflammatory drug can trigger bronchospasm in sensitive individuals

Answer 35

Oral ibuprofen