Week 1

Question 1

Basically outline three of the six major functions of bone

Answer 1

Support/protection/metaboli release of calcium and phosphate in particular)/storage (of calcium, phosphate, fat proteins etc)/movement (at the joints)/haemopoiesis

Question 2

Name three functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 2

locomotion/posture/metabolism/venous return/heat production/continence

Question 3

What is fascia?

Answer 3

Sheets of connective tissue which separate body parts and muscles into anatomical compartments

Question 4

What are the functions of:

a) tendons
b) ligaments

Answer 4

a) muscle to bone

b) bone to bone

Question 5

The two major components of bone which give it is mechanical strength are collagen and calcium phosphate. Which confers tensile strength and which confers compressive strength?

Answer 5

Tensile strength - collagen

Compressive strength - calcium phosphate

Question 6

Osteoblasts synthesise and deposit osteoid (contains collagen) which is the bone matrix, the osteoblasts then deposit calcium phosphate in the osteoid to make bone. Osteoclasts on the other hand are involved in bone resorption, what is meant by this?

Answer 6

Osteoclasts absorb the deposited minerals in the bone and release them into the EC fluid which then enters the blood. This in turn causes the breakdown of bone and thus it’s reorganisation

Question 7

What is the name of an osteoblast that becomes trapped in it’s bone matrix (osteon)?

Answer 7

Osteocyte

Question 8

Note - it says in here to look back over body log session 7 about haversian canals and this stuff in more detail

Answer 8

T

Question 9

how many vertebrae are there?

Answer 9

33

Question 10

Give an example of each type of bone

Answer 10

Long = humerus
Flat - sternum/skull occipital bone (other skull bone too) Short = carpal bones
Sesamoid = theres are embedded in tendons example is the patella
Irregular = vertebrae

Question 11

Distinguish between the metaphysis and epiphysis

Answer 11

Diaphysis = long bone shaft 
Metaphysis = ends the flare out toward the growth plate 
Epiphysis = other side of the growth plate

Question 12

What is an epicondyle as opposed to a condyle?

Answer 12

Epicondyle are smaller projections that project above the knuckle shaped condyles

Question 13

Describe anatomically what a ‘tubercule’ and ‘tuberosity’ looks like

Answer 13

tubercule - small, knob-like rounded process

tuberosity - large, often rounded, roughened proess

Question 14

What is meant by ‘avascular necrosis’?

Answer 14

Death of a bone due to loss of it’s blood supply

Question 15

Describe the typical blood supply of a long bone

Answer 15

• During development the nutrient artery penetrates the diaphysis and continues to supply the bone marrow
• There are periosteal arteries which supply the periosteum (outside of bone)
• Importantly in development we have separate metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries which supply the majority of the cortex, but during adulthood these fuse meaning that severance of these arteries can easily lead to avascular necrosis

Question 16

Describe two common causes of avascaular necrosis

Answer 16

Fracture/alcoholism/steroid use/radiation/hypertension/decompression sickness

Question 17

Briefly describe the three major classes of joints and five an example of each

Answer 17

Cartilaginous - found in midline and at growth plates of long bones e/g/ pubic symphysis

Fibrous - united by collagen fibres, poor mobility and high stability e.g. sutures of the skull

Synovial joints - Has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, lined with hyaline cartilage and thus a high degree of mobility

Question 18

Briefly explain and give an example of the types of joint in the body

Answer 18

Plane - flat surfaces sliding against each other - metacarpal joints

Condyloid - atlanto-occipital joint

Saddle joint - 1st carpometacarpal joint
(has a degree of sliding)

Hinge - no sliding or deviation - knee joint

Pivot - rotational movement - atlanto-occipital joint too/between radius and ulnar

Ball and socket - permit movement in several directions - shoulder

Question 19

Synovial membranes are very vascular but also contain bursae and tendon sheaths. What are these?

Answer 19

Bursa - small sac lined by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid. Helps to reduce friction between bones and allow free movement

Tendon sheaths - the same but they wrap around a tendon and aid movement here, basically elongated bursae

Question 20

LO - describe the factors that affect the range of motion of joints

Answer 20

Arrangement of muscle around the joints/strengh of ligaments/shape of articulating bones/hormones (E.g. relaxation of pelivc joints at labour)/disuse of joint

Question 21

LO - Briefly describe the embryological development of a synovial joint

Answer 21

Areas of mesenchyme will differentiate into hyaline cartilage as bone develops, the joints form between areas of cartilage by the cells apoptosing

Question 22

in terms of muscular anatomy, what is meant by an ‘agonist’?

Answer 22

An agonist is the prime muscle responsible for a particular movement. An antagonist is the muscle which directly opposes that action

Question 23

LO - In anatomy what is meant by

a) synergists
b) neutralisers
c) fixators

Answer 23

a) Muscles which assist the prime mover (Agonist)
b) Neutralisers prevent the unwanted other actions that the agonist can perform
c) Act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving

Question 24

Distinguish between concentric, eccentric and isocentric contractions

Answer 24

concentric - muscle shortens
eccentric - muscle lengthens
isocentric - muscle remains same length

Question 25

Distinguish between parallel, pennate and circular muscles

Answer 25

parallel - fibres run parallel to the force generating axis pennate - has an apoenurosis from which the fibres extend circular - muscle fibres run in a circular direction

Question 26

define tendon, ligament and aponeuroses

Answer 26

tendon - muscle to bone ligament - bone to bone aponeuroses - muscle to muscle

Question 27

LO - What is Hilton's law?

Answer 27

The nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying these muscles

Question 28

Briefly describe the prenatal limb development

Answer 28

Limb buds grow as proliferations of mesenchyme in the foruth week and project laterally outwards. The upper limbs then rotate through 90 degrees laterally and the lower limbs medially This explains the flexor/extensor differences in the compartments and also the dermatome map

Question 29

What is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 29

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and fractures on one side, these are more common in kkids under 10 as they ahve softer bones

Question 30

What genes are responsible for segmentation of the body plan in utero?

Answer 30

Hox genes

Question 31

Briefly describe fracture healing

Answer 31

1) haematoma formation 2) Tissue death and inflammation 3) formation of a procallus (woven bone) and angiogenesis 4) Hard callus formation (lamellar bone) 5) remodelling of lamellar to cortical bone

Question 32

LO - describe some major changes we can see on X-ray to see what stage fracture healing is at

Answer 32

Early on in the inflammatory phase we will just clearly see the fracture line in the bone, soft tissue is forming here and can't be seen on x-ray in the next phase (regenerative) we will be abloe to see some mineralisation which will have a 'fluffy' appearance which is the soft callus In the remodeling phase the fracture line will become obscured as it's replaced by cortical bone

Question 33

MRI imaging can be 'weighted' differnently depending on what we want to see. Explain the difference between a T1, T2 and STIR weighted MRI image

Answer 33

T1 - fat is bright and fluid is dark T2 - Both fat and fluid are bright STIR - Fat is dark and fluid is bright

Question 34

Describe briefly how to differentiate between a vein, artery and nerve in dissection

Answer 34

Vein - distended, thin walls, often contain clotted blood, tubular, look like 'beads on a string' due to clotted blood Arteries - thick walls, tubular nerves - solid rather than tubular

Question 35

How are tuberosities formed as opposed to grooves in bone?

Answer 35

Tuberosities - by tension forces resulting from bone attachments to muscle Grooves - pressure from adjacent structures like blood vessels and nervs

Question 36

What is a joint?

Answer 36

An articulation between two or more neighbouring bones

Question 37

List the three main components of all synovial joints

Answer 37

Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage/joint cavity filled with synovial fluid/fibrous joint capsule