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A Synaptic Transmission > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

synapse

A

point of junction between two electrically excitable cells

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2
Q

presynaptic bouton

A

vesicles and NT

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3
Q

postsynaptic site

A

receptors

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4
Q

synaptic cleft

A

ECM
adhesion proteins
astrocytes

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5
Q

electrical synpase

A

bidirectional
fast
strong

limited

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6
Q

chemical synpase

A

unidirectional
variable strength
not as fast

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7
Q

NT

A

neurochemical released by neuronal stimulation resulting in a postsynaptic response

localization
mimicry
release
pharmacology
reuptake/degradation
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8
Q

localization of NT

A

produced within neuron and found within a neuron

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9
Q

mimicry of NT

A

if chemical applied to post synaptic membrane, it should have same affect

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10
Q

release of NT

A

from neuron (depolarized)

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11
Q

pharmacology of NT

A

action on receptors; agonist and antagonist effects

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12
Q

reuptake of NT

A

inactivated of chemical after release

through reuptake or enzyme

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13
Q

axodendritic/axosomatic

A

terminal to postsynaptic receptor

pre to post forward

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14
Q

axoaxonic

A

module NT release

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15
Q

dendoraxonic

A

retrograde signaling

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16
Q

autapse

A

autocrine signaling (self regulation)

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17
Q

multipartite synpase

A

synaptic modulation

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18
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that support and protect neurons

maybe in volved in local and long distance signaling

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19
Q

neuron features

A

high metabolic rate
extreme longevity
nonmitotic (mostly)
diverse in morphology and function

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20
Q

dendrites

A

short processes that branch out from cell body

receive impulses and carry to cell body: signal input

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21
Q

soma

A

integrating center for neuronal signals

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22
Q

axons

A

transmit nerve impulses away from cell body and transmit info to other cells (signal output)

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23
Q

stroma cell

A

nucleus
nucleolus
mitochondria
free ribosomes and ER (nissl bodies)

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24
Q

axons

A

long, cylindrical processes

may branch into axon collaterals

transmit impulses away from body and transmit info to other cells (signal output)

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25
axon hillock
region where axon connects to cell body
26
axon collaterals
side branches of main axon
27
synaptic knobs
expanded regions at tip of axon with NT containing vesicles
28
local circuit neurons
short, unmyelinated
29
projection neurons
long, myelinated
30
neurons can be BOTH
local and projection
31
microfilaments
F-actin from G actin 5nm
32
microtubules
tubulin dimers w associated MAPs and Tau proteins 20nm
33
intermediate filaments
polymerized GFAP in astrocytes - no other glial cell 10nm
34
int he axon the distal end of the microtubule is the
+ end
35
immunofluorescence microscopy
localizing proteins in brain cells emission of visible light by substance that has absorbed light of a diff wavelenth
36
double label immunofluorescence
two proteins on one cell | NaCh, MAP2
37
dendrite structure
tapered, many branching processes several principle dendrites and MANy dendrites
38
bipolar cells
one principle dendrite
39
size and shape of dendritic arbor
relates to connectivity with and location of connecting neurons complexitiy relates to number of synpases
40
dendritic spines
more density - increased sensory experience
41
spiny neurons vs nonspiny neurons
exist
42
gray's type 1
excitatory synapses on spine and dendritic shaft not in soma elaborated postsynaptic region
43
2 types of synapses
gray's 1 and 2
44
gray's type 2
inhibitory synapses on dendritic shaft and soma not only in dendritic spines
45
spines serve as
functional compartments within cell and barriers to diffusion (calcium and protein)
46
spines can
change size and shape altering strength and number of contacts
47
synapse on spine
almost certainly excitatory
48
four CNS glial cell types
encased in bone astrocytes ependymal cells microglial cells oligodendrocytes
49
two PNS glial cell types
satellite cells neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)
50
ependymal cells
line ventricles, produce and secrete CSF form blood-CSF barrier neural stem cell roll precursor of neuron and astrocytes
51
myelin
lipid rich wrapping of glial membrane around axons to provide electrical insulation and speed action potential conduction
52
PNS myelin
schwann cells one schwann cell sheaths one axon; axons are sheathed by many Schwanns
53
CNS myelin
oligodendrocytes one oligodendrocyte sheaths multiple axons; axons may be sheathed by many oligodendrocytes
54
microglia
``` smallest star shaped few processes/neurites mesoderm-derived (not ectoderm) defensive/scavenger function related to macrophages dormant ```
55
how do microglia respond to injury?
mitosis retracting processes, changing shape produce cell signaling molecules migrate to injury/infection site destroy/engulf dead and dying cells
56
astrocytes
``` star shaped cells many processes/neurites have End Feet ectoderm derived (neural origin) present in CNS only ```
57
astrocyte jobs
- create 3D framework for CNS; guide neuronal migration during development - repair damaged tissue - maintain BBB - provide metabolic support for neurons - control interstitial ionic environment - uptake of NT
58
astrocyte role: 3D framework
migrate along radial glia
59
astrocyte role: repair damaged tissue
phagocytosis provide trophic support and repair functions for damaged neurons
60
astrocyte role: BBB maintenance
isolates CNS perivascular feet to surround blood vessels in brain
61
astrocyte role: metabolic support
metabolic trafficking in brain cells breakd own glucose to give neuron lactic acid to re-convert to pyruvate for use in CA -glucose from capillary, give neurons lactate
62
astrocyte role: ionic balance
aquaporins to couptake K+
63
astrocyte role: NT uptake
take up glutamate and GABA
64
astrocyte and synaptic functions
- partner with neurons at Glu and GABA synapses to reuptake - express Glu receptors themselves - promote synapse formation with synaptogenic factors and adhesion proteins - envelop and isolate individual synapses
65
BBB keeps out
infectious pathogens | immune cells
66
BBB allows to pass
O2, CO2, lipids glucose, AA, vitamins, hormones
67
how does neuronal activity locally increase the cerebral blood flow?
vasodilation thus increasing delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working neurons Glu fired with AP; astrocyte has mGluR signals to vasodilate
68
growth cone
end of developming neuron;s neurite is a growth cone actively expands and retracts during neurite outgrowth and axon pathfinding
69
growth cone filopodia
test surrounding environment and are attracted to some chemical signals but repelled by others growth cone has surface receptors that sense attractant and repellent cues signals are transduced in cytoplasm and guides growth dependent on cytoplasmic calcium levels
70
growth cone movement and elongation is mediated by
cytoskeletal lattice in filopodia containing dynamic actin and myosin as neurite extends, MT backbone elongates by polymerization of tubulin protein monomers
71
what adds membrane to both sides of lamellopodia and filopodia
fusion vesicles
72
SLIT
decreased motility
73
NETRIN
increase motility, actin polymerization, vesicle docking
74
chemotropism
oriented or directed growth dictated by chemical signaling
75
SLIT signal
global CA2+ signals: regulation of depolymerization of MT and actin membrane vesicle endocytosis retraction of growth cone
76
NETRIN signal
global Ca2+ signals: regulator of polymerization of MT and actin membrane vesicle exocytosis elongation of growth cone
77
intracellular Ca2+ regulates activity of
Rho-GTPase and effectors Protein phosphatases (calcineurin) Protein kinases (CAMK, PKC, AMPK) ==> inc cell cycle, survive, energy
78
two major classes of axon guidance cues
secreted, diffusable signals cell-adhesion molecules
79
long range cues
soluble, secreted molecules
80
short range cues
membrane-bound, contact-mediated cues

A Synaptic Transmission (2 decks)

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