WEEK 1

Question 1

What are the functions used to catagorise maternal adaptions in pregnancy?

Answer 1

1. increased availability of precursors for hormone
   production and fetal–placental metabolism;
2. improved transport capacity;
3. maternal–fetal exchange; and
4. removal of additional waste products.

Question 2

what are the 4 pelvis types?

Answer 2

Gynaecoid
Android
Anthropoid
Platypeloid

Question 3

what are the 4 stages of mentstration?

Answer 3

Mensus
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal

Question 4

what is the average age for onset and cessation of the menstrual cycle

Answer 4

onset= 12-15
cessation = 45-55

Question 5

When does ovulation occur in the cycle?

Answer 5

about half way through

when egg is released from mature follicle to ovaries

Question 6

What is the egg called?

Answer 6

Gamete (haploid cell)

Question 7

what is fertilisation?

Answer 7

• involves the combination of 2 haploid cells into a single diploid cell (called a zygote)

Question 8

what is a zygote?

Answer 8

a cell with a full set of chromosomes

Question 9

how long after fertilisation does implantation occur?

Answer 9

approx 6 days

Question 10

when does the placenta begin to form?

Answer 10

2nd week of gestation

• fully established by week 8-10
• full size by month 4

Question 11

when does the placenta become the main site of hormone production in pregnancy?

Answer 11

Week 8-10

prior it’s the corpus leutie?

Question 12

where does diffusion occur in the placenta?

Answer 12

Intervillious space

Question 13

what are some transport functions of the placenta?

Answer 13

Transport

• Resp gas movement
• nutrients
• hormones
• waste products

Question 14

what are some immunologic functions of the placenta?

Answer 14

Immunologic

• barrier against larger bacteria
• some maternal antibodies cross through

Question 15

what are some endocrine functions of the placenta?

Answer 15

oestrogens

progesterone

Question 16

what are some metabolic functions of the placenta?

Answer 16

synthesise glycogen, cholesterol, fatty acids and enzymes

Question 17

When. is the placenta really thin, increasing risk of diffusion of toxins

Answer 17

30-35 weeks

Question 18

what do you need to consider with pregnancy and house fires?

Answer 18

carbon monoxide diffuses across placenta easier than O2

Question 19

how does foetal circulation differ from normal circulation?

Answer 19

• deoxygenated blood leave foetus through arteries (goes from baby to placenta)
• oxygenated blood enters through veins (from placenta to baby through umbillical vein)

Question 20

What is foetal blood flow?

Answer 20

500ml/min

Question 21

what are the 2 membranes in the placenta?

Answer 21

• Chorion (outer)

- Amnion (inner)

Question 22

what stops the 2 placental membranes from fusing?

Answer 22

amnionic fluid (2ml)

Question 23

what is amnionic fluid made of?

Answer 23

98% water

2% glucose, protein, sodium, urea & creatine

Question 24

How much fluid makes up the amnionic fluid?

Answer 24

500ml - 1500ml

replenishes itself every 3 hours

Question 25

what are the functions of the amnionic fluid?

Answer 25

- equalise pressure around the foetus - cushions foetus from external compression - Provides constant temp - provides fluid for the foetus to swallow - allows freedom of movement for the foetus - lubricates the membranes and the foetus

Question 26

what does the umbilical cord do?

Answer 26

provides a circulatory connection between mum and baby

Question 27

what is the umbilical cord made of?

Answer 27

Wharton's jelly

Question 28

what are the 3 trimesters of pregnancy?

Answer 28

1st - conception - 13 weeks 2nd - 13 weeks - 26 weeks 3rd - 26 weeks until birth

Question 29

where is progesterone produced?

Answer 29

corpus luteum until about week 10 then the placenta

Question 30

what does progesterone do?

Answer 30

prepares uterus for implantation

Question 31

what does progesterone do with immune responses?

Answer 31

suppresses maternal immunologic response to fetal antigens

Question 32

what does progesterone do to smooth muscle?

Answer 32

decreases contractility

Question 33

how does progesterone effect lactation?

Answer 33

it inhibits it

Question 34

What does oestrogen do?

Answer 34

stimulates female secondary sex characteristics: - breast growth - uterine growth - vaginal wall thickening - vaginal lubrication Increased coagulability Decreased bowel mobility

Question 35

when is oestrogen released during pregnancy?

Answer 35

Released from placenta during pregnancy

Question 36

What does Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin do?

Answer 36

- stimulates corpus luteum to continue releasing hormones | - allows pregnancy to establish and continue without menses occuring

Question 37

When is Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin released?

Answer 37

from the blastocyst on implantation into the uterine wall

Question 38

what are the hormonal physiological changes of pregnancy?

Answer 38

increased progesterone, oestrogen, HCG & HPL

Question 39

what are the mechanical physiological changes of pregnancy?

Answer 39

increased metabolic demand

Question 40

what are the foetal/uterus/placental and mother physiological changes of pregnancy?

Answer 40

placenta circulation | - low-pressure arteriovenous shunt

Question 41

what happens to the uterus during pregnancy

Answer 41

- increases in size from 60g to 1kg - oestrogen stimulates muscle cell hypertrophy - capacity increases from 10m to 5L - all 3 layers of smooth muscle increase

Question 42

what happens to the cervix during pregnancy

Answer 42

- cell number increases due to oestrogen - secretes thick, sticky mucous plug - softens during labour (Goodell's sign)

Question 43

What are the cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

Answer 43

- decreased peripheral vascular resistance - decreased pulmonary vascular resistance - decreased colloid oncotic pressure - increased cardiac output - increased HR

Question 44

how does the heart vol change in pregnancy?

Answer 44

increases from 70ml - 80ml

Question 45

Apex of heart moves to where during pregnancy

Answer 45

from the 5th intercostal space to the 4th

Question 46

how does the blood volume change?

Answer 46

increases from by 30-50%

Question 47

how does the red cell volume change?

Answer 47

increase by 18-20%

Question 48

how does the plasma volume change?

Answer 48

increase by 50%

Question 49

How far does the diaphragm rise?

Answer 49

4cm

Question 50

what happens to o2 consumption?

Answer 50

increases by 15%

Question 51

What happens to CO2 and PO2?

Answer 51

co2 decreases from 35-45 to 30mmHg | Increased o2

Question 52

how much does inspiratory reserve change by?

Answer 52

increases by 300mL

Question 53

how much does expiratory reserve change by?

Answer 53

decreased by 200ml

Question 54

how much does tidal volume change?

Answer 54

from 500 to 700ml