Week 1

Question 1

Pharyngeal Arches

Answer 1

Also known as the aortic or branchial arches

• Develop in the 4th week as a seris of mesodermal outpiouchings on both sides of the developing pharynx
• 6 pairs
• Develop into the face, jaw and pharynx
• Nerve supply from cranial nerves, splanchnic mesoderm
• Structurally similar to skeletal muslce but usually covered in mucosa

Question 2

Tension Lines of Skin

Answer 2

Kraissl lines, relaxed skin tension lines
-Cuts parralel cause less scarring

Langers lines

• Based on collagen orientation
• Based of dissection of cadavers

Question 3

Types of Cartilage

Answer 3

Hyaline

• Most common, weakest
• Has perichondrium
• Ribs, nose. larynx, trachea
• Bone precursor

Fibro

• Strongest, no perichondrium
• Intervertebral discs, joint capsule, ligaments

Elastic

• Maintains shape, has perichondrium
• External ear, epiglottis, larymx

Question 4

Muscle form type

Answer 4

Parrallel- Rectus abdominus

Unipennate- Tib posterior

Bipennate- (rectus femoris)

Multipennate- (Deltoid)

Question 5

Types of Joints

Answer 5

Fibrous

• Solid with no joint cavity
• Bones bridged by fibres e.g. cranial sutures, syndesmosis

Cartilagenous
-Solid and no joint cavity
PRIMARY: Two bones bridged by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal plates of long bones)

SECONDARY: Bone/Hyaline cartilage/fibrocartilage/Hyaline/Bone.

• Always in midline ie intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
• Allow some movement

Synovial

• Joint cavity lined by synovial membrane
• Articular surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage (e.g knee, elbow, made for movement)
• PLANE (facet joint)
• Uni axial, bi axial or multi axial
• Simple/compound/complex

Question 6

Hilton’s Law

Answer 6

The nerve supplying a muscle that extends across or acts at a joint also innervates that joint

Question 7

Stability of Joints

• What factors maintain this
• When is the joint most stable

Answer 7

Bony
-Congruity of articular surfaces

Ligamentous

• Fibrous capsule (intrinsic)
• Collaterals
• Cruciates
• Accessory (AC joint)

Muscular
-More important in mobile joints ie popliteus, rotator uff

Other
-Fibrocartilage, menisci, labrum

Maximum stability is at the “close packed position”

Question 8

Dermatomes/Axial lines

Answer 8

There is significant overlap between adjacent dermatomes that are CONSECUTIVE

• Pain and temp more than touch
• This is why dermatomal maps vary

Axial lines are the lines that separate adjacent dermatomes from NON-CONSECUTIVE spinal levels

• E.g. L4 and S2 meet on the calf
• They have no overlap

Question 9

Myotome: Hip flexion

Answer 9

L2/3

Question 10

Myotome: Hip extension

Answer 10

L4/5, S1 (same as abduction)

Question 11

Myotome: Hip abduction

Answer 11

L4/5, S1 (same as extension)

Question 12

Myotome: Hip adduction

Answer 12

L2/3/4 (hip flexion plus 4)

Question 13

Myotome: Knee flexion

Answer 13

L5, S1

Question 14

Myotome: Knee extesion

Answer 14

(kick) L2/3/4

Question 15

Myotome: Ankle dorsiflexion

Answer 15

(toe high) L4/5

Question 16

Myotome: Plantar flexion

Answer 16

S1/2 (tippy toe)

Question 17

Myotome: Inversion

Answer 17

(toe inside) L4/5

Question 18

Myotome: Eversion

Answer 18

(weird one) L5, S1

Question 19

Myotome: Great toe ext

Answer 19

(Toe high plus one) L4/5, S1

Question 20

Myotome: Shoulder Abduction

Answer 20

C4/5/6

Question 21

Myotome: Elbow flexion

Answer 21

C5/6 (pick up sticks)

Question 22

Myotome: Elbow extension

Answer 22

C7/8 (lay them straight)

Question 23

Myotome: Wrist Flexion

Answer 23

C6/7/8

Question 24

Myotome: Wrist Extension

Answer 24

C6/7

Question 25

Myotome: Finger Abduction

Answer 25

C8 T1 (muscles of the hand)

Question 26

Myotome: Finger Adduction

Answer 26

T1 (come together as one)

Question 27

Myotome: Thumb Abduction

Answer 27

T1 (thumbs up)

Question 28

Reflexes: Knee (patella)

Answer 28

(Kick) L2/3/4

Question 29

Reflexes: Ankle (achilles)

Answer 29

S1/2 (tippy toe)

Question 30

Reflexes: Plantar

Answer 30

(5 tippy toes) L5 S1/2

Question 31

Reflexes: Triceps

Answer 31

C7/8 (lay them straight)

Question 32

Reflexes: Biceps

Answer 32

C5/6 (pick up sticks)

Question 33

Reflexes: Supinator (brachoradialis)

Answer 33

C5/6 (pick up sticks)

Question 34

Reflexes: Finger

Answer 34

C8 (before the thumb)

Question 35

Organisation of ANS | -Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic

Answer 35

Central/Peripheral Somatic/Visceral Symptathetic/Parasympathetic/Enteric Sympathetic (Fight or flight) -Short, pre-ganglionic neurons (acetylcholine) from Thoracolumbar cord at T1-L2--> Postganglionic neurons (noradrenaline) to the rest of the body -Adrenaline, dilate pupils, dilate bronchioles, ejaculation Parasympathetic (Feed and Breed) -Craniosacral outflow (CN III, VII, IX, X and S2-4) -Direct Acetylcholine Bradycardia, salivation, lacrimation, accomodation, miosis, erection

Question 36

Spinal Nerve Organisation

Answer 36

31 pairs of spinal nerves Posterior nerve roots are sensory (afferent/arrive), anterior are motor (efferent/exit) -Dorsal root ganglion has the body of afferent sensory nerves Anterior and posterior nerve joint to form the spinal nerve - Dorsal rami smaller, sensory and motor nerves of the back - Ventral Rami larger, anterior.lateral

Question 37

Blood vessel types

Answer 37

``` Arteries -Endothelium, intima, media (muscle), adventitia Arterioles -Largest wall thickness to lumen ration -Rapid drop in BP before capillaries Capillaries -Single layer of endothelium with basement membrane Veins -Same layers as artery -Much less smooth muscle -More elastic ```

Question 38

Lymphatics

Answer 38

``` Accompany veins (in the dermis) Drain to at least one LN before draining into a vein Seperated into "watershed" regions, can flow vertical and horizontal Anterior thorax, skin of glans penis and clitoris drain direct to deep LN ```

Question 39

Fascia

Answer 39

Separating layers of collagen fiber e.g Deep fascia, retinaculum, septa - Superfical fascia is loose - Deep fascia is dense, non-elastic and gives attachement site for muscles Vessels and nerves can pierce fixed fascia -Will not pierce mobile fascia planes (two parralel sheets) as can kink