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BIOL 1090 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cell Division

A

The process by which cells make more cells.

A mother cell makes 2 daughter cells

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2
Q

What are 4 purposes for cell divison?

A
  • growth
  • cell replacement
  • healing
  • reproduction
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3
Q

What are the 2 ways cell division can occur?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

  1. Mitosis –> somatic / body cells
  2. Meiosis –> germ / sex cells
    “specialized cell division
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4
Q

What is the major challenge for mitotic cell divison?

A

to make complete and exact copies of DNA in 2 daughter cells

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5
Q

Describe the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes

  • small and circular
  • DNA = in cytoplasm
    eg. bacteria

Eukaryotes

  • genome = large and linear
  • DNA = in nucleus
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6
Q

What are the 4 main phases in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A
  1. M phase : Mitosis and Cytokinesis
  2. G1 phase: Gap 1
  3. S Phase: DNA Synthesis
  4. G2 Phase: Gap 2
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7
Q

Describe the G1 phase / Gap 1

A

=growth, cellular metabolism
=the longest gap = “recovery”
-approx 50% reduction in cytoplasmic volume

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8
Q

Describe S Phase / DNA Synthesis

A

=chromosome duplication

  • cell copies DNA = DNA content doubles
  • makes exact copies
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9
Q

Descibe G2 phase / Gap 2

A

=preparation for mitosis

-ensures DNA relication is completed for another cycle

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10
Q

Describe M Phase

A

=chromosomal separation

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11
Q

Define Interphase

A

= the time between successive mitoses

= G1 + S + G2

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12
Q

What is the G0 Phase?

aka stationary phase ./ quiscent state

A

=state where cells enter when they aren’t actively cycling/dividing
- out of cell cycle from G1

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13
Q

What are the cells called when they leave in the G0 Phase?

A

they are “quiescent”.

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14
Q

Define Autosomes.

A

= homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

What is the human karyotype?

A

23 pairs

  • 22 autosomes
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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16
Q

What are the 2 sex chromosomes

A

XX - Female

X,Y - Male

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17
Q

A human cell w/ 23 chromosomes =

a) haploid
b) diploid

A

a) haploid

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18
Q

What is duplication in S Phase for?

A

so that each daughter cell recieves a complete set of chromosomes

19
Q

Define Ploidy.

A

= the # of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

-refers to how much info ( aka DNA)

20
Q

Define Haploid (n)

A

= a cell w/ 1 complete set of chromosomes

eg. sperm / egg

21
Q

Define Diploid (2n)

A

= has 2 complete sets of chomosomes
-1 from mom, 1 from dad
eg. somatic cell = leaf/ skin cell , stem cell in your colon
( anything that isn’t a sperm / egg )

22
Q

True / False : in S Phase, the amount of DNA in cell and ploidy level doubles.

A

False
Yes, the amount of DNA in cell doubles
But, the ploidy level doesn’t change in mitotic cell division
-no new info = no ploidy change
(there is still 2n, but they just have doubles)

23
Q

What are the 6 Stages of Mitosis

+ describe ploidy level

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis

2n = 46

24
Q

Describe Prophase.

A
  • chromosomes condense

- centrosomes radiate microtubles & migrate to opposite poles

25
Descirbe Prometaphase.
-microtubles of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes
26
What is a kinetochore?
=a series of proteins that link the specialized part of the centromere to the microtubles of the mitotic spindle
27
Describe Metaphase.
- chromosomes align in the center of cell | - chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle and line up at the equator
28
Describe Anaphase.
-sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles | =sister chromatids become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits
29
Describe Telophase
-nuclear envelope re-forms & chromosomes decondense -plasma membrane constricts between the 2 nuclei =almost a full separation
30
Describe Cytokinesis
-final break / split of the membrane
31
What is the difference between cytokinesis for an animal and for a plant
Animal -has a contractile ring of acton = a structural protein Plant -has a cell plate, looks like building a new wall
32
What 2 things can control the progression through the cell cycle
1. Proteins; appear and disappear in a cyclial fashion eg. cyclins 2. several enzymes; become active and inactive in cycles
33
What are cyclins?
=proteins that appear and disappear cyclically
34
Explain how Cyclins function. | also define CDK + describe a cyclins halflife
- cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK) * **CDK = a protein and an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein - cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate target proteins that promote cell divison - phosphate to an amino acid - has a small half life as a protein
35
True / False: Cyclins are negative regulators
False! | Cyclins are positive regulators as the target proteins promote the cycle
36
What are the the 3 specialized cyclin-CDK complexes at each phase of the cell cycle? ( + their functions )
G1 cyclin, S cyclin, and M cyclin push the cell through the cycle. G1 / S cyclin -CDK complex prepares cell for DNA replication S cyclin -CDK helps initiate DNA synthesis M cyclin -CDK helps prepare the cell for mitosis
37
Why do cells have many "cell-cycle checkpoints"?
It is to pause the cycle if there is an error, before progressing to the next stage
38
What are the 3 major, well-studied checkpoints? | + where are they
1. DNA replication checkpoint : is all DNA replicated? @ end of G2 =checks for the presence of unreplicated DNA before the cell enters Mitosis 2. DNA damage checkpoint : is DNA damaged? @ before entering S phase =checks for damaged DNA before the cell enters S phase 3.Spindle assembly checkpoint : are all chromosomes attaced to the spindle? @ before anaphase =checks for all chromosomes being attached to the spindle before the cell progresses w/ Mitosis
39
How can cancer develop?
when normal controls on cell division break down
40
Define oncogene.
= cancer-causing gene
41
Define proto-oncogene.
= normal genes important for promoting cell division that have potential to become cancerous if mutated.
42
Define tumor suppressors.
= genes that encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division.
43
Describe the multi-step process of cancer development.
- requires sequential mutations in several genes 1. normal cell : inactiviation of 1st tumor suppressor gene 2. benign cancer : activation of oncogene 3. malignant cancer : inactivation of 2nd tumor suppressor gene 4. metastatic cancer : inactivation of 3rd tumor suppressor gene + metatosis @ a new state

BIOL 1090 (3 decks)

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