Week 1: Articles

Question 1

What disorders does the Heutink study focus on?

Answer 1

Visual agnosia and Balint’s syndrome.

Question 2

What is the main goal of the Heutink study?

Answer 2

To explore rehabilitation strategies for visual agnosia and Balint’s syndrome.

Question 3

How many studies were included in the review?

Answer 3

22 studies published between 1992 and 2017.

Question 4

What types of techniques are compared in the study?

Answer 4

Compensatory strategies vs. restorative training.

Question 5

What is the impact of visual perceptual disorders?

Answer 5

They affect spatial orientation, learning, motor activities, and reduce independence and social participation.

Question 6

What percentage of ABI patients experience higher visual disorders?

Answer 6

20-40%.

Question 7

What are the two main goals of visual rehabilitation?

Answer 7

Restore function or compensate using intact functions.

Question 8

How many studies on Balint’s Syndrome were reviewed?

Answer 8

10 studies (7 case studies and 3 recommendations).

Question 9

What are common compensatory strategies for Balint’s Syndrome?

Answer 9

Psychoeducation, environmental adaptation, and structured training.

Question 10

What is the effectiveness of restorative training for Balint’s Syndrome?

Answer 10

Results were inconsistent.

Question 11

How many studies on prosopagnosia were reviewed?

Answer 11

8 studies.

Question 12

What is a common compensatory strategy for prosopagnosia?

Answer 12

Using non-facial cues like voice, gait, or hairstyle.

Question 13

What is a key limitation of restorative training for prosopagnosia?

Answer 13

Limited success in improving real-life face recognition.

Question 14

How many studies addressed object agnosia?

Answer 14

7 studies.

Question 15

What are common compensatory strategies for object agnosia?

Answer 15

Using tactile, auditory, and kinaesthetic cues.

Question 16

Was restorative training effective for object agnosia?

Answer 16

Some showed improvement, but results were inconsistent.

Question 17

How many studies addressed topographical agnosia?

Answer 17

Only two studies.

Question 18

What strategies were effective for topographical agnosia?

Answer 18

Mnemonic techniques and route training.

Question 19

Which strategy is generally more effective: compensatory or restorative?

Answer 19

Compensatory strategies.

Question 20

What factors influence rehabilitation effectiveness?

Answer 20

Etiology, individualization, patient motivation, and co-occurring deficits.

Question 21

What is a major recommendation for future research?

Answer 21

Document case studies with pre/post assessments and explore new cognitive tools.

Question 22

What should future studies assess regarding training outcomes?

Answer 22

Whether trained skills transfer to real-life improvements.

Question 23

What condition does prism adaptation (PA) aim to treat?

Answer 23

Visual neglect, often caused by right hemisphere strokes.

Question 24

How does prism adaptation therapy work?

Answer 24

Patients wear goggles shifting their visual field 10° right, inducing reaching errors corrected through repeated attempts.

Question 25

How were patients classified as high or low responders in the study?

Answer 25

High responders showed >20% improvement in neglect symptoms; low responders showed <20% improvement.

Question 26

What anatomical factors were studied to predict PA effectiveness?

Answer 26

Cortical thickness and white matter integrity in the left hemisphere.

Question 27

Which areas had less damage in high responders?

Answer 27

Right inferior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, and frontal cortex.

Question 28

Which areas had more damage in low responders?

Answer 28

Right supramarginal and angular gyri.

Question 29

What was associated with better PA outcomes in terms of cortical thickness?

Answer 29

Higher cortical thickness in the left temporo-parietal and prefrontal regions.

Question 30

What white matter feature predicted PA success?

Answer 30

Higher fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum.

Question 31

What does the study suggest about early PA intervention?

Answer 31

Earlier PA after stroke improves outcomes and may prevent long-term neural deterioration.

Question 32

What is a limitation of the study?

Answer 32

Small sample size limits generalizability; pre-existing brain atrophy may confound results.

Question 33

What are the clinical implications of the study?

Answer 33

Rehabilitation strategies should be personalized based on anatomical and functional brain characteristics.

Question 34

What neuroimaging technique was used to assess white matter integrity in the study?

Answer 34

Fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum

Question 35

Which neuropsychological tests were used to assess neglect severity?

Answer 35

Letter cancellation, line bisection, and drawing tasks

Question 36

How many patients were included in the Lunven study?

Answer 36

14 patients

Question 37

What visual shift did the prismatic goggles induce during therapy?

Answer 37

A 10° rightward visual field shift

Question 38

What defined a 'high responder' in the study?

Answer 38

Patients showing more than 20% improvement post-prism adaptation

Question 39

What role does the left hemisphere play in recovery from neglect?

Answer 39

It acts as a compensatory mechanism aided by cortical thickness and connectivity

Question 40

What was a major limitation of the Lunven study?

Answer 40

Small sample size limiting generalizability

Question 41

What anatomical characteristic was linked to low responsiveness to PA?

Answer 41

Greater white matter degeneration and larger lesion volumes

Question 42

What is definition of apraxia?

Answer 42

Inability to perform learned movements despite intact motor function, sensation, and coordination.

Question 43

What is liepmann's theory?

Answer 43

Motor planning occurs in the left motor cortex; Execution involves occipital and parietal lobes.

Question 44

What is geschwind's theory?

Answer 44

Apraxia results from disconnection between left premotor cortex and Wernicke’s area.

Question 45

What is buxbaum's model?

Answer 45

Involves left frontal and inferior parietal lobules; Integrates object representation and body awareness.

Question 46

What is ideomotor apraxia?

Answer 46

Inability to perform gestures on verbal command despite understanding the action.

Question 47

What is ideational apraxia?

Answer 47

Impairment in conceptualizing a sequence of actions despite recognizing tools.

Question 48

What is limb-kinetic apraxia?

Answer 48

Loss of precise, coordinated hand movements.

Question 49

What is apraxia evaluation - de renzi test?

Answer 49

24-item scale assessing gesture execution.

Question 50

What is apraxia evaluation - tulia?

Answer 50

48-item assessment including symbolic, intransitive, and transitive gestures.

Question 51

What is ast (apraxia screen of tulia)?

Answer 51

Short bedside version with high sensitivity and specificity.

Question 52

What is pegboard test?

Answer 52

Used to assess limb-kinetic apraxia.

Question 53

What brain regions are involved with apraxia?

Answer 53

Involves parieto-premotor-frontal network.

Question 54

What brain regions are involved with ideomotor apraxia lesions?

Answer 54

Left premotor cortex, inferior parietal lobe, and corpus callosum.

Question 55

What brain regions are involved with ideational apraxia lesions?

Answer 55

Left premotor, prefrontal, and parietal areas.

Question 56

What brain regions are involved with limb-kinetic apraxia lesions?

Answer 56

Contralateral premotor cortex.

Question 57

What is gesture-based training?

Answer 57

Improves praxis and daily function.

Question 58

What is task-based training?

Answer 58

Enhances goal-directed actions using real tools.

Question 59

What is tdcs for apraxia?

Answer 59

Improves gesture processing; applied to left parietal or right motor cortex.

Question 60

What is rtms for apraxia?

Answer 60

Potential in Alzheimer's and stroke; clinical trials still needed.

Question 61

What is tbs for apraxia?

Answer 61

Shorter stimulation period; needs further research.

Question 62

What are key future directions?

Answer 62

Standardize tests, explore stimulation, study long-term effects.