Week 1: Lecture

Question 1

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 1

A branch of psychology studying the brain mechanisms in relation to cognitive and behavioural processes.

Question 2

What allowed progress in understanding brain mechanisms?

Answer 2

Modern imaging techniques.

Question 3

What can strokes result from?

Answer 3

Cerebral haemorrhage or cerebral ischemia.

Question 4

What is cerebral haemorrhage?

Answer 4

Bleeding in the brain.

Question 5

What is cerebral ischemia?

Answer 5

Disruption of blood supply.

Question 6

What are causes of cerebral ischemia?

Answer 6

Thrombosis, embolism, arteriosclerosis.

Question 7

What is epilepsy characterized by?

Answer 7

Excessive and abnormal brain activity causing transient loss of consciousness.

Question 8

What degenerative disorder affects the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Parkinson’s disease.

Question 9

What are signs of Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 9

Reduction of dopamine and difficulty initiating behavior.

Question 10

What disorder involves degeneration of cortex neurons?

Answer 10

Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 11

What are signs of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 11

Attentional deficits, forgetfulness, personality changes.

Question 12

What genetic disorder affects the striatum?

Answer 12

Huntington’s disease.

Question 13

What are signs of Huntington’s disease?

Answer 13

Motor impairments followed by cognitive decline.

Question 14

What is Korsakoff’s disease?

Answer 14

Degeneration of the diencephalon due to alcoholism and malnutrition.

Question 15

What is the main symptom of Korsakoff’s disease?

Answer 15

Amnesia.

Question 16

What does multiple sclerosis affect?

Answer 16

Myelin surrounding the axons.

Question 17

What type of disorder is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 17

Autoimmune disorder.

Question 18

What does EDA measure?

Answer 18

Sympathetic system activation related to physiological arousal.

Question 19

What does EEG measure?

Answer 19

Electrical signal from pyramidal cells in the brain.

Question 20

What is the BOLD signal?

Answer 20

Blood-oxygen level-dependent signal used in fMRI as an index of neural activation.

Question 21

What does fMRI measure?

Answer 21

Metabolic signals from blood oxygen levels.

Question 22

What does PET stand for?

Answer 22

Positron Emission Tomography.

Question 23

What is the medulla derived from?

Answer 23

Myelencephalon.

Question 24

What is the hindbrain derived from?

Answer 24

Metencephalon.

Question 25

What is the midbrain derived from?

Answer 25

Mesencephalon.

Question 26

What structures come from the diencephalon?

Answer 26

Hypothalamus and thalamus.

Question 27

What comes from the telencephalon?

Answer 27

Cerebral cortex and sub-cortical structures.

Question 28

What is the function of ventricles in the brain?

Answer 28

Reduce brain shock and remove waste via cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 29

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 29

Our senses.

Question 30

What does the autonomic nervous system reflect?

Answer 30

Emotional responses.

Question 31

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 31

Action maps and object recognition by touch.

Question 32

What is the secondary motor cortex responsible for?

Answer 32

Programming of movements.

Question 33

What does the premotor cortex include?

Answer 33

Mirror neurons.

Question 34

What is the role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 34

Intentional action initiation.

Question 35

What does the posterior parietal lobe integrate?

Answer 35

Visual, sensorimotor, auditory, and attentional information.

Question 36

What is the role of basal ganglia?

Answer 36

Modulation of motor output and cognitive functions.

Question 37

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 37

Integrates information from M1 and M2 with external input, involved in motor learning.

Question 38

What is apraxia?

Answer 38

Disorder of voluntary movements not due to muscle deficits.

Question 39

What type of apraxia affects object-related actions?

Answer 39

Ideational apraxia —> Ideational apraxia is a condition in which an individual is unable to plan movements related to interaction with objects, because they have lost the perception of the object's purpose.

Question 40

What type of apraxia affects repeating or copying movements?

Answer 40

Ideomotor apraxia.

Question 41

What is contralateral neglect?

Answer 41

Inability to respond to stimuli on the opposite side of the body.

Question 42

Which brain part is involved in apraxia?

Answer 42

Left posterior parietal cortex.

Question 43

Which brain part is involved in contralateral neglect?

Answer 43

Right posterior parietal cortex.

Question 44

How is sensory information processed?

Answer 44

Through a distributed hierarchical system.

Question 45

What is agnosia?

Answer 45

Inability to recognize objects based on the sensory system.

Question 46

What is the function of the primary visual cortex (V1)?

Answer 46

Receives and integrates visual inputs.

Question 47

What is the function of secondary visual cortex (V2)?

Answer 47

Perception of motion and analysis of visual inputs.

Question 48

What are the two visual pathways?

Answer 48

Dorsal occipito-parietal (WHERE) and ventral occipito-temporal (WHAT).

Question 49

What happens if the ventral pathway is lesioned?

Answer 49

Patients can’t describe objects but can reach them.

Question 50

What happens if the dorsal pathway is lesioned?

Answer 50

Patients can describe objects but can't reach them.