week 1 - cardiac + HTN (1)

Question 1

Define Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Answer 1

signs + symptoms due to a diseased coronary artery that has ruptured because of atherosclerotic plaque that resulted in a partial or complete thrombosis

Question 2

define afterload.

Answer 2

the amount of resistance to eject blood from the ventricle (the amount of pressure the heart needs to exert to pump blood out of the ventricles

Question 3

Apical Impulse/ PMI

Answer 3

this is caused by the contraction of the ventricle

Question 4

Where do you palpate the apical impulse/ PMI?

Answer 4

at the 5th intercostal space, on the left midclavicular line

Question 5

Which node is the secondary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 5

The AV node. Atrioventricular

Question 6

What are Baroreceptors?

Answer 6

nerve fibers located in the aortic arch + carotid arteries - they control blood pressure

Question 7

describe cardiac catheterization.

Answer 7

-invasive procedure
-Measures cardiac chamber pressure
-assesses patency of coronary arteries

Question 8

What is the cardiac conduction system?

Answer 8

specialized cardiac cells responsible for generating + coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to myocardial cells

Question 9

define cardiac output.

Answer 9

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle.
-measured in LPM

Question 10

What is a cardiac stress test?

Answer 10

this evaluates the heart function at a time for increased oxygen demand

Question 11

What is used to initiate a cardiac stress test.

Answer 11

-exercise
-medication

Question 12

What does contractility mean?

Answer 12

the ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to am electrical impulse

Question 13

define depolarization.

Answer 13

electrical activation of a cell caused by sodium entering the cell + potassium leaving the cell

Question 14

define diastole.

Answer 14

a period of ventricular relaxation so they can refill with blood

Question 15

What is the ejection fraction?

Answer 15

the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat

Question 16

What is hemodynamic monitoring?

Answer 16

directly measuring cardiovascular function with pressure monitoring devices

Question 17

What is considered Hypertension?

Answer 17

a BP consistently over 130/80

Question 18

What is considered hypotension?

Answer 18

a BP less than 90/60 that is compromising systemic perfusion

Question 19

What is a heart murmur?

Answer 19

sounds created from abnormal, turbulent blood flow in the heart

Question 20

define myocardial ISCHEMIA.

Answer 20

heart muscle cells aren’t receiving enough oxygen

Question 21

What is the muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart?

Answer 21

Myocardium.

Question 22

Normal heart sounds are produced when the valves close? What are those normal sounds?

Answer 22

S1 - atrioventricular valves
S2 - semilunar valves

Question 23

What are opening snaps?

Answer 23

abnormal diastolic sounds from the opening of rigid atrioventricular valve leaflets

Question 24

what is orthostatic blood pressure?

Answer 24

this is a significant drop in blood pressure after standing upright

Question 25

define preload.

Answer 25

the degree of stretch in the cardiac muscle nerve fibers at the end of diastole

Question 26

What is pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)?

Answer 26

the resistance of blood flow out of the right ventricle created by the pulmonary circulatory system

Question 27

What is a pulse deficit?

Answer 27

the difference between apical pulse and radial pulse rates

Question 28

what are radioisotopes?

Answer 28

unstable atoms giving off small amounts of energy via gamma rays as they decay -used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies

Question 29

what is repolarization?

Answer 29

when the cell returns to a resting state; potassium is reentering the cell and sodium is exiting

Question 30

describe the S1 heart sound.

Answer 30

the "lub" produced by the AV valves closing

Question 31

what are the 2 AV valves?

Answer 31

mitral tricuspid

Question 32

describe the S2 heart sound.

Answer 32

the "dub" produced by the semilunar valves closing

Question 33

what are the 2 semilunar valves?

Answer 33

aortic pulmonic

Question 34

what is an S3 heart sound?

Answer 34

-abnormal -occurs early in diastole -resistance is met with blood entering either ventricle

Question 35

what most commonly causes an S3 heart sound?

Answer 35

volume overload associated with heart failure

Question 36

what is an S4 heart sound?

Answer 36

-abnormal - occurs late in diastole -resistance is met with blood entering either ventricle during atrial contraction

Question 37

what is the most common cause of an S4 heart sound?

Answer 37

hypertrophy of the ventricle

Question 38

what is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 38

the SA node (sinoatrial)

Question 39

what is stroke volume?

Answer 39

the amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat

Question 40

what is a summation gallop?

Answer 40

-abnormal heart sound -created when S3 +S4 are present during tachycardia

Question 41

define systemic vascular resistance.

Answer 41

the resistance of blood flow out of the left ventricle created from the systemic circulatory system

Question 42

what is SYSTOLE?

Answer 42

period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery or aorta

Question 43

what is a systolic click?

Answer 43

-an abnormal systolic sound -when a calcified aortic or pulmonic valve open during ventricular contraction

Question 44

what is telemetry?

Answer 44

continuous ECG monitoring