week 1: cell function in training and after injury

Question 1

define homeostasis

Answer 1

state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems, to maintain a stable internal environment

Question 2

what are the interdependent components of a homeostatic feedback loop

Answer 2

stimulus: provides variable change

receptor: change is detected by a receptor
- thermoreceptor: respond to temperature changes
-chemoreceptor: respond to chemicals
- mechanoreceptor: physical forces in touch, hearing, and pressure

control centre: information sent afferently to CC (brain), which receives and processes info/signal based on maintenance range

effector: cell/tissue targeted by CC to elicit response

response: response of effector influences stimulus and turns variable to homeostasis

Question 3

describe General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 3

explains how biological systems respond to stress
- key principles: homeostasis (return to baseline) and allostasis (adapt a better way to deal with stressor)

Question 4

phases of GAS 1 (acute responses to stressors)

Answer 4

alarm: stressor is present, body is managing but immune system weakens

resistance:
- body is working in overdrive, depressed immune system, illness is likely

exhaustion:
- body breaks down, illness and injury results

Question 5

phases of GAS 2 (chronic/long term responses to stressors)

Answer 5

1. excercise/ loading
2. acute repsonses ( GASS 1: DOMS, fatigue)
3. rest
4. supercompensation (increased performance)
5. return to baseline (it is not permenant)

Question 6

different results that can happen from GAS 2

Answer 6

return to baseline:
- happens when not enough stress/ too much rest

negative adaptation:
- if recovery is not respected by reapplication, it will result in chronic defcline in capactity

positive adaptation:
- progressive stress or load is applied after appropiate recovery period resulting in improvements

Question 7

difference between actute and chronic response

Answer 7

acute: is the immediate changes in cell, tissue etc

chronic: adjustments to repeated exposure to stimmulus resulting in systematic adaptaions that influence acute responses and performance overtime

Question 8

define progressive overload

Answer 8

overload:
- gretaer than normal stress
progressive overload:
- the continued progessive application of a training stimmulus overttime to an intensity not adapted

• training results in muscular and nueral adaptation
• enabling muscle to produce moe force

Question 9

what are important % of progressive overload and what is the growth equation

Answer 9

training at <85% will induce adaptations

load needs to increase by 5% each week

growth equation
- stress + rest = growth

Question 10

what is the progressive overload cycle

Answer 10

1. training session with sufficent mechanical tension
2. muscular and nueral adaptation
3. application of progressive overload
4. repeat

Question 11

Define Physical Stress Theory (PST)

Answer 11

changes in the relative level of stress cause a precitable adaptive response in all biological tissues

Question 12

five characteristic responses of biological tissues to Physical Stress

Answer 12

decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy):
- Physical stress levels that are lower than the maintenance range

maintenance:
- Physical stress levels that are in the maintenance range

increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy):
- Physical stress levels that exceed the maintenance range

injury:
- Excessively high levels of physical stress

death:
- Extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues

Question 13

describe its application in Physiotherapy

Answer 13

reduce pain and subsequent impairments: (prevent atrophy)
- after injury, rest for long period of time is not reccomended becuase it will result in atrophy according to this theory
- injured tissues should be exposed to stress to restore the tissues ability and prevent futher injury

increase activity tolerance: (induce hypertrphy)
- the application of the overload principle will result in hypertorphy, a characterisitc response of this theory
- which is an important role of a physiotherapist
- for eg. instruct people in the appropriate magnitude and repetition of exercise or activity to provide an adequate stimulus for hypertrophy of intended tissues without injuring other tissues.**

Question 14

List the four fundamental Tissue types

Answer 14

1) epithelial tissue, which covers internal and external surfaces of the body and forms glands

2)connective tissue, which provides structural and functional support to other tissues of the body

3) muscular tissue, which has specialized contractile properties for producing movement

4) nervous tissue, which collects, transmits, and integrates stimuli to control the functions of the body.