Week 1 - Cell Injury and Adaptations

Question 1

Types of growth

Answer 1

Multiplicative, auxetic, accretionary, combined

Question 2

Multiplicative growth

Answer 2

Increase in number of cells

Question 3

Auxetic growth

Answer 3

Increased size of individual cells

Question 4

Accretionary growth

Answer 4

Increase in intracellular tissue components

Question 5

Tissue growth depends on balance between

Answer 5

Cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation

Question 6

Labile tissue

Answer 6

High regenerative ability & rate of turnover

Question 7

Stable tissue

Answer 7

Good regenerative ability but usually low turnover rate

Question 8

Permanent tissue

Answer 8

Limited regenerative ability

Question 9

Factors affecting differentiation

Answer 9

Genes, hormones, position within fetus, growth factors, matrix proteins

Question 10

Morphogenesis

Answer 10

Development of the shape and form of organs, limbs, facial features etc from primitive cell masses during embryogenesis

Question 11

Physiological adaptation

Answer 11

Adaptation that involves a body part’s job of controlling a life process

Question 12

Types of physiological adaptation

Answer 12

Structural and metabolic

Question 13

Examples of physiological metabolic adaptation

Answer 13

Mobilise fatty acids from adipose tissue for energy (fasting), mobilise calcium from bone matrix (lack of calcium), liver metabolising drugs

Question 14

Mechanism of structural physiological adaptation

Answer 14

Increase/decrease in hormonal stimulation or functional demand -> increase/decrease in cell size/number

Question 15

Pathological adaptation

Answer 15

Modifications that allow the cells to cope with changed conditions, structural and functional change

Question 16

Hypertrophy

Answer 16

Increase in cell size without cell division

Question 17

Physiological cardiac hyperthrophy

Answer 17

Characterised by normal organisation of cardiac structure and normal/enhanced cardiac function

Question 18

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 18

Commonly associated with up-regulation of fetal genes, cardiac dysfunction and increased mortality

Question 19

Hyperplasia

Answer 19

Increase in cell number

Question 20

Example of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 20

Red blood cells in people living at high blood pressure, breast tissue during puberty, pregnancy and lactation, thyroid hyperplasia due to increased metabolic demands of puberty and pregnancy

Question 21

Autonomous hyperplasia

Answer 21

Cells proliferate rapidly without a clear stimulus or control mechanism

Question 22

Examples of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 22

Psioriasis, Paget’s disease, Fibromatosis

Question 23

Psioriasis

Answer 23

Marked epidermal hyperplasia

Question 24

Paget’s disease

Answer 24

Hyperplasia of osteoblast/osteoclast => thick but weak bone

Question 25

Fibromatosis

Answer 25

Proliferation of myofibroblasts

Question 26

Angiogenesis

Answer 26

New blood vessels grow into damaged tissues to supply oxygen/nutrients for cells

Question 27

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 27

Too many cells/increased cell growth in transition zone

Question 28

Atrophy

Answer 28

Decrease in cell size/number/both

Question 29

Physiological atrophy

Answer 29

Adaptive response to decrease functional requirement for a cell/organ

Question 30

Example of pathological atrophy

Answer 30

Immobilised limb -> decreased function -> loss of innervation & decreased blood supply -> decreased oxygen & nutrients

Question 31

Mechanisms of atrophy

Answer 31

Production and destruction of cellular constituents, reversible restructuring of cell activities to facilitate survival/adapt to conditions of diminished use, decreased protein synthesis, increased protein degradation

Question 32

Causes of atrophy

Answer 32

Decreased function (disuse atrophy), loss of innervation (denervation atrophy), inadequate blood/O2 supply, pressure atrophy, lack of nutrition, systemic atrophy

Question 33

Metaplasia

Answer 33

Altered differentiation, mature cell differentiates into another type

Question 34

Mechanisms of metaplasia

Answer 34

Adaptive response to chronic, persistent injury/altered cellular environment => tissue change structure to better adapt to environment/stress

Question 35

Can metaplasia be reversed?

Answer 35

Yes, when stimulus to change is removed e.g. stop smoking

Question 36

Change in respiratory epithelium in smokers

Answer 36

Chronic irritation -> normal respiratory epithelium change to squamous epithelium -> lose functions of mucus secretion & movement

Question 37

Barrett's oesophagus

Answer 37

Replacement of normal squamous epithelium in the oesophagus by glandular columnar epitheium

Question 38

What is general pathology?

Answer 38

Mechanisms and characteristics of principle types of disease processes

Question 39

What is systemic pathology?

Answer 39

Descriptions of specific diseases as they affect individual organs or organ systems

Question 40

What does epidemiology study?

Answer 40

Incidence, prevalence, distribution, prevention

Question 41

What is aetiology?

Answer 41

Cause

Question 42

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 42

Mechanism causing the disease

Question 43

What is prognosis?

Answer 43

Likely outcome for patient

Question 44

What are the causes of disease?

Answer 44

Entirely genetic, multifactorial, entirely environmental => not always linear

Question 45

What is the latent period?

Answer 45

Time lag after exposure before signs and symptoms appear

Question 46

What are structural abnormalities?

Answer 46

Space occupying lesions, storage disease, loss of healthy tissue, obstruction, distension or rupture of hollow structure

Question 47

What are functional abnormalities?

Answer 47

Excessive secretion of cell product, insufficient secretion, impaired neuromuscular function

Question 48

What does pathognomonic mean?

Answer 48

Absolute diagnostic feature

Question 49

What is morbidity?

Answer 49

Patient effects

Question 50

What is mortality?

Answer 50

Rate of death

Question 51

Why do we study epidemiology?

Answer 51

Providing aetiological clues, planning preventive measures, provision of adequate medical facilities, population screening for early diagnosis

Question 52

What is incidence rate?

Answer 52

Number of new cases of the disease occurring in a population of defined size during a defined period

Question 53

What is prevalence rate?

Answer 53

Number of cases of the disease to be found in a defined population at a stated time

Question 54

What is remission rate?

Answer 54

Proportion of cases of the disease that recover

Question 55

What is mortality rate?

Answer 55

Number or percentage of deaths from a disease in a defined population