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path2001 > Week 3 - Inflammation and Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Week 3 - Inflammation and Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Endogenous infection

A

Normal to your body but when somewhere else in your body = pathogenic

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2
Q

Exogenous infection

A

Something from outside

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3
Q

Type of microbial infectious agent most likely associated with endogenous infection

A

Candida albicans

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4
Q

Extracellular bacteria

A

Don’t invade tissues/particular cells in order to reproduce

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5
Q

Portals of entry for infection

A

Penetrate skin, penetrate mucous membrane, cross placenta

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6
Q

What microscopic appearance/feature might indicate the presence of Actinomyces or Nocardia in tissue section

A

Branching and/or thin and filamentous gram positive bacteria

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7
Q

Actinomyces

A

Catalase negative

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8
Q

Nocardia

A

Catalase positive, partially acid fast

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9
Q

Stain used to visualise AFB

A

Ziehl Neelson/Kinyoun

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10
Q

Type of immune cell generally associated with extracellular bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

Type of immune cell usually involved with immune response to intracellular organism

A

Macrophage

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12
Q

Infectious agents normally associated with lymphocytes

A

Virus

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13
Q

Infectious agents normally associated with neutrophils

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Infectious agents normally associated with eosinophils

A

Parasites

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15
Q

Type of infection H. pylori associated with

A

Peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis, evident in gastric non-hodgkin lymphoma

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16
Q

Infectious agents normally associated with monocytes (blood) / macrophages (tissue)

A

Universal/everything

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17
Q

Methods available for H. pylori diagnosis

A

Gastric and duodenal biopsy or breath test (carbon), urine test (nitrogen)

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18
Q

Breath test for detection of H.pylori

A

Urea tablet with radio labelled carbon/nitrogen, if urease is present, tablet is broken down, radio labelled carbon/nitrogen goes in blood stream (will breathe it out in CO2) or seen in urine

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19
Q

Organisms that are members of Mycobacerium tuberculosis complex

A

M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. microti, M. caprae

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20
Q

Why are members of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex said to be “tough”

A

Resistant to gram stain, decolourisation with acid, desiccation, disinfectants, antibiotics, strong acids and alkali

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21
Q

Why are mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms so slow to culture/grow

A

Hydrophobic -> clump together so tightly -> prevents easy access of nutrients into cell

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22
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms transmission

A

Droplet nuclei (aerosols) with exception of M. bovis (ingestions)

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23
Q

Events leading to development of tubercle

A

Inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis organism, organisms enter alveoli, macrophages engulf organism, some macrophages start dying, accumulation of more cells = layering, centre = oldest material/dead material = caseous necrosis

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24
Q

Structure of tubercle

A

Caseous necrosis (middle) surrounded by activated macrophages and occasional giant Langhan cell, lymphocytes surrounding macrophages

25
Scientific names for three categories of helminths and their corresponding shapes
Platyhelminths - flat worms (trematodes - flukes , cestodes - tape worms), nematodes - round
26
Pathways that parasites can use to gain entry to host
Oral, percutaneous, inhalation, transplacental, sexual intercourse
27
Main virulence factor of Cryptococcus neoformans + how does it benefit the organism
It has a large capsule
28
Where is Crytococcus neoformans found in the environment
Piegon droppings/soil
29
Role of fungal spores in lifecycle of fungus
Reproduction
30
Role of fungal spores in pathogenesis of fungal infection
Survival
31
Individuals most at risk of acquiring serious fungal/yeast infection
Immunocompromised individuals
32
How does drug therapy predispose an individual to candidasis
Broad spectrum antibiotics alters the composition of commensal microflora, decrease normal microbes, decrease in competition for space and nutrients
33
Cryptococcus neoformans
Less common yeast that can cause significant systemic infection mostly present in CNS and lungs
34
Where is cryptococcus neoformans found
Dry piegon dung (powdery) -> inhaled
35
Where is cryptococcus gattii found
Eucalyptus trees
36
Name of yeast structure that invades tissue when candida sp. invades through tissue
Hyphal (mycelial) phase
37
Basic lifecycle for enterobius vermicularis
In humans, adult worms in intestine -(adult worm lays eggs in rectum)-> eggs in faeces -(distributed by hands as a result of itching)-> infective eggs develop in soil -(4-6 hours under optimal condition)-> eggs ingested -> eggs hatch in intestine -(1 month to develop into mature adult)-> young worms remain and mature in intestine
38
Main clinical outcomes of viral infection
Cell death, cell proliferation, latent infection
39
Two infections that can be caused by CMV
Mononucleosis, hepatitis
40
DNA vs RNA virus
RNA virus only needs to enter the cytoplasm (ribosomes) whereas DNA virus need to enter nucleus
41
Viral cytopathic effect
The effect the virus has on the cell monolayer
42
Development of CPE
Syncytial formation (fusion of neighbouring cells) or rounding up and cell lysis
43
Rounding up and cell lysis in Polio
Infected cells = cellular adhesion proteins disappear => round up and lyse
44
Herpes simplex viruses can form latency in what type of cell
T helper cells or macrophages
45
TWO HPV types that are the major cause of cervical cancer
16 and 18
46
HPV type that causes genital warts
6 and 11
47
Tests used to diagnose cervical cancer
Pap smear, PCR, cervical biopsy
48
HPV vaccine production
L1 capsid gene into a yeast cell to make shell of virus without DNA inside
49
Negri bodies
Eosinophilic rounded cytoplasmic inclusions
50
Diagnosis of negri bodies
Rabies
51
Suppurative
Process of pus formation
52
Febrile
Relating to fever
53
Abscess
Collection of pus within cavity
54
Process of occurrence of miliary tuberculosis
Early phase of tuberculous infection, acute haematogenous dissemination. Caseous necrosis rupture into blood stream, Mtb spread and enter into different organs and tissues via tuberculous lymph node. Allergic changes of blood capillaries wall => becomes rough and penetrative
55
How can a person be free of disease yet have viable Tb organisms in their lung
56
Treatment of H. Pylori
Antibiotics
57
Potential pathological tissue reactions associated with H. Pylori
chronic inflammatory infiltrate, seagull drawing rods in mucosal epithelium seen with toluidine blue positive, IHC, loss of regular structure, formation of scar tissue
58
Why is PAS positive for cryptoccous neoformans
Has a large capsule with thick phospholipid coat

path2001 (5 decks)

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