Week 1 - Cellular Pathophysiology

Question 1

The study of the mechanism by which diseases and illness alter body function

Answer 1

Pathophysiology

Question 2

The study of cause of a disease

Answer 2

Aetiology

Question 3

The branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action

Answer 3

Pharmacology

Question 4

The study of the patterns of disease within populations

Answer 4

Epidemiology

Question 5

Reduction in cell size

Answer 5

Atrophy

Question 6

Reduction or inadequate blood flow to an organ or tissue

Answer 6

Ischaemia

Question 7

Necrosis caused by a complete deprivation of blood supply to tissue

Answer 7

Infarction

Question 8

A state of low oxygen

Answer 8

Hypoxia

Question 9

Insufficient oxygen in the blood

Answer 9

Hypoxaemia

Question 10

Development of a disease

Answer 10

Pathogenesis

Question 11

Changes caused by a disease

Answer 11

Clinical manifestations

Question 12

The no. of new cases of a disease diagnoses within a period

Answer 12

Incidence

Question 13

Total no. of cases of a disease at a particular time

Answer 13

Prevalence

Question 14

Increase in cell size

Answer 14

Hypertrophy

Question 15

Increase in cell no.

Answer 15

Hyperplasia

Question 16

Transition from one cell type to another

Answer 16

Metaplasia

Question 17

Variation in size and shape of cells in tissue

Answer 17

Dysplasia

Question 18

A form of programmed cell death

Answer 18

Apoptosis

Question 19

A form of unprogrammed cell death in living tissue

Answer 19

Necrosis

Question 20

List 7 causes of cell injury

Answer 20

1. Ischaemia
2. Physical agents
3. Mechanical damage
4. Chemical toxins
5. Microorganisms
6. Nutritional deficits
7. Genetic defects

Question 21

A condition involving tissue swelling/oedema that occurs shortly after the insult/injury

Answer 21

Acute inflammation

Question 22

An inflammatory response that does not subside

Answer 22

Chronic inflammation

Question 23

Chemical substances released from cells into tissue that induces inflammation

Answer 23

Chemical mediators

Question 24

Latin term for redness?

Answer 24

Rubor

Question 25

Latin term for heat?

Answer 25

Calor

Question 26

Latin term for swelling?

Answer 26

Tumor

Question 27

Latin term for pain?

Answer 27

Dolor

Question 28

A chemical mediator released from mast cells

Answer 28

Histamine

Question 29

Chemical mediator derived from membrane phospholipids

Answer 29

Prostaglandins

Question 30

The first stage of acute inflammation?

Answer 30

Vascular phase

Question 31

The second stage of acute inflammation?

Answer 31

Cellular phase

Question 32

Fluid that moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates in the tissue

Answer 32

Exudate

Question 33

Increased blood vessel diameter and blood flow to the injured tissue

Answer 33

Vasodilation

Question 34

Name the 2 inflammatory mediators in the vascular phase

Answer 34

1. Bradykinin | 2. Histamine

Question 35

Name the 3 inflammatory mediators in the cellular phase

Answer 35

1. Leukotrienes 2. Histamine 3. Cytokines

Question 36

What are the 4 types of exudate?

Answer 36

1. Serous 2. Fibrinous 3. Purulent 4. Haemorrhagic

Question 37

Describe serous exudate

Answer 37

A watery exudate that contains mostly protein and white blood cells

Question 38

Describe fibrinous exudate

Answer 38

A thick and sticky exudate that contains mostly fibrin content

Question 39

Describe purulent exudate

Answer 39

A thick, yellow/green fluid that contains leukocytes, cell debris and micro-organisms

Question 40

Describe haemorrhagic exudate

Answer 40

Fluid that contains mostly red blood cells that indicates a greater tissue and blood vessel damage

Question 41

Explain the mechanism of action of aspirin

Answer 41

- Selective COX-1 inhibitor - Binds to both COX-1 and COX-2, and inhibits prostaglandin production - Can cause: Bleeding, GI ulcers, decrease in renal function, increase in sodium retention, and can reduce pain, fever and inflammation

Question 42

Explain the mechanism of action of ibuprofen

Answer 42

- Non-selective COX inhibitor - Binds to COX-1 and produced side effects - Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation

Question 43

Explain the mechanism of action of celecoxib

Answer 43

- Selective COX-2 inhibitor | - Binds to COX-2 and causes reduction in pain, fever and inflammation

Question 44

Healing process where wound is clean, free of foreign material and necrosis, wound can be held together with minimal gap

Answer 44

First intention healing

Question 45

Healing in where there is a large break in tissue, significant inflammation, a long healing period and lots of scar tissue

Answer 45

Second intention healing

Question 46

Name the 3 phases in wound healing

Answer 46

1. Inflammatory Phase 2. Proliferative Phase 3. Remodelling Phase