week 1: Ch. 1-2 [intro]

Question 1

the oldest form of pharmacology is:

Answer 1

herbal medicine

[most cultures have practiced this at some point]

Question 2

the first prescription traces back to:

Answer 2

3000 BC

Question 3

Chinese records show that reported remedies go back as far as:

Answer 3

2700 BC

Question 4

Egyptians have archived remedies as far back as:

Answer 4

1500 BC

Question 5

modern pharmacology began when?

Answer 5

1800s

[chemists first isolated active agents]

Question 6

early drugs were created from:

Answer 6

natural plants

Question 7

Which changes occurred in the 20th century in regard to pharmacology?

Answer 7

~great changes/stride
~ability to synthesize drugs in the lab
~better understanding of drug effects

Question 8

a drug is any substance taken to:

Answer 8

prevent, cure, reduce symptoms of a medical condition

Question 9

drugs are a form of __________ intervention

Answer 9

medical

Question 10

Pharmacology is the study of:

Answer 10

medicines

Question 11

Pharmacology greek meanings

Pharmakon= ?
Logos= ?

Answer 11

Pharmakon= medicine/drugs
Logos= to study

Question 12

pharmacology covers:

Answer 12

administration, metabolism, and response of human body to drugs

Question 13

What is pharmacotherapy AKA pharmacotherapeutics?

Answer 13

application of drugs to prevent or treat suffering

Question 14

There are over ________ agents/drugs

Answer 14

11,000

Question 15

Factors that can alter drug responses include:

Answer 15

age
gender
race
body mass
health status
genetics

Question 16

List the characteristics of the ideal drug

Answer 16

Effectively treats/prevents/cures conditions

~Safe + effective
~Rapid, predictable response at low dose
~no adverse effects
~can be taken conveniently (by mouth)
~taken infrequently/ for short lengths of time
~inexpensive & accessible
~eliminated by body after beneficial effects
~does not interact with other meds or food

[The perfect drug does not exist]

Question 17

The condition for which a drug is approved for by the FDA is called the :

Answer 17

indication for the drug

[every drug has at least 1+]

Question 18

unapproved indications are :

Answer 18

unlabelled/ off-label

Question 19

Every year, the FDA publishes:

Answer 19

“orange book” of all approved drugs

[prescription & non-prescription]

Question 20

What is therapeutic classification?

Answer 20

what is being treated by the drug; what is the therapy/ benefit?

[some may have multiple if they treat several pathways of a disease]

Question 21

What is pharmacological classification?

Answer 21

How the drug acts / mechanisms of action in the body

[more specific than therapeutic classification]

[requires stronger understanding of biochem & physio]

Question 22

What is a prototype drug?

1 single drug from each _______________________________

[usually ____________________________________ drug in the class]

Can help predict ________________________________ of other drugs within the same classification

Answer 22

1 single drug from each classification of drugs

[usually oldest/best-understood drug in the class]

Can help predict actions & effects of other drugs within the same classification

Question 23

3 basic type of drug names are:

Answer 23

chemical
generic
trade name

Question 24

the ________ drug name is the standard nomenclature established by IUPAC

Answer 24

chemical

ex) Tylenol’s chemical name = paraacetlaminopheno

Question 25

Each drug has _____ chemical name

Answer 25

one

Question 26

Generic drug names are assigned by:

Answer 26

United States adopted name council ex) Tylenol generic name is acetaminophen

Question 27

Trade name AKA brand name is given by

Answer 27

the pharmaceutical company marketing the drug [can be dozens] [attempt to make it shorter, easier to remember]

Question 28

Ibuprofen is a generic name, but some trade names for it are:

Answer 28

Advil Motrin Midol Etc...

Question 29

Substitution of generic & trade name drugs:

Answer 29

laws vary by state ~can be cost saving

Question 30

________________ is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredients are absorbed and available at the site of action

Answer 30

Bioavailability [this is key to comparing trade name drugs to generic]

Question 31

9/10 prescriptions dispensed in the US are for:

Answer 31

generic drugs [greatest cost savings- generic drugs for MH & hypertension]

Question 32

biologic drugs are medicines made by

Answer 32

living cells ~complex molecules that require years of research to develop & get FDA approved

Question 33

____________ drugs are comparable to FDA-approved biological drugs

Answer 33

biosimilar [not exact copy, but similar components]

Question 34

What are a nurse's responsibilities during medication administration? [4]

Answer 34

Monitor patient condition before and during drug use evaluate drug effects, making sure it is desirable and not a side effect teaching the patient about self-administration conduction medication reconciliation [reviewing meds and verifying patient is taking them correctly and safely]

Question 35

List the major goals in studying pharmacology:

Answer 35

eliminate medication errors & adverse drug events knowledge [lifelong process]

Question 36

Cocaine, morphine, & heroin were early _________ of medicines

Answer 36

patent

Question 37

The standardization of drug purity and strength is specific to:

Answer 37

the US

Question 38

___________ is a medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis

Answer 38

Pharmacopeia

Question 39

_________________ is the regulatory agency responsible for ensuring drugs and medical devices are safe and effective

Answer 39

The US FDA ~oldest agency ~7 branches ~

Question 40

Research/Clinical investigation ~Describe the 4 phases

Answer 40

Phase 1- testing 20-80 healthy volunteers for months Phase 2- hundreds of patients w/ disease [Placebo VS non-placebo] Phase 3- Large #s of patients w/ disease [use drug to determine effects] Phase 4- approval > adverse event reporting & public meetings

Question 41

Truly unique drugs [new molecular entities] only range from ___________ per year

Answer 41

20-30

Question 42

What are the limitations of the drug approval process?

Answer 42

~need diverse populations for testing [usually, white males majority] ~off-label use

Question 43

It takes about ____ years of research/development, costing _______ to move from lab testing to pharmacy shelf

Answer 43

12 $350 million

Question 44

Priority drugs can receive accelerated approval; Priority drugs are any drugs intended for:

Answer 44

life-threatening conditions [Can be approved before stage 3 completion]

Question 45

Prescription drugs may be:

Answer 45

addictive too harmful for self-administration treat complex conditions require skill to administer patients must receive authorization

Question 46

Supplements Herbal and dietary supplements are NOT:

Answer 46

drugs [not the same regulatory process, can cause side effects + interact with meds, not tested for safety by FDA]

Question 47

Drugs are scheduled for the potential of:

Answer 47

abuse 5 categories Category 1- highly addictive - high abuse potential ex) heroin, weed, LSD, shrooms Category 5- lowest abuse potential - cough meds w/ codeine...

Question 48

__________ drugs must be registered with DEA & maintain complete quantity records

Answer 48

Controlled