Week 1 Chapter 1

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study

Question 2

Parameters

Answer 2

value that describes a population, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the population

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

set of individuals selected to represent the population in a research study

Question 4

Statistics

Answer 4

value that describes a sample, usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample

Question 5

variable

Answer 5

characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals

Question 6

data

Answer 6

measurements or observations

Question 7

data set

Answer 7

collection of measurements or observations

Question 8

datum

Answer 8

single measurement or observation; commonly called a score or raw score

Question 9

descriptive statistic

Answer 9

procedure used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Question 10

inferential statistic

Answer 10

technique that allows one to make generalizations about the populations from which samples were selected

Question 11

sampling error

Answer 11

naturally occurring discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter

Question 12

construct

Answer 12

internal attribute that cannot be directly observed but is useful for describing and explaining behavior

Question 13

operational definition

Answer 13

procedure for measuring external behavior wherein the resulting measurements measure a hypothetical construct

Question 14

discrete variable

Answer 14

value consisting of separate, indivisible categories, wherein no values can exist between two neighboring categories

Question 15

continuous variable

Answer 15

value which is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts

Question 16

real limit

Answer 16

boundary of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous number line

Question 17

upper real limit

Answer 17

boundary at the top of the interval

Question 18

lower real limit

Answer 18

boundary at the bottom of the interval

Question 19

nominal scale

Answer 19

set of categories that have different names

Question 20

ordinal scale

Answer 20

set of categories that are organized in an ordered sequence

Question 21

interval scale

Answer 21

set of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size

Question 22

ratio scale

Answer 22

set of ordered categories wherein a zero score indicates none of the variable being measured

Question 23

descriptive research

Answer 23

measuring separate variables with the intent of simply describing the individual variables

Question 24

correlational method

Answer 24

observing two different variables to determine whether there is a relationship between them

Question 25

experimental method

Answer 25

manipulating one variable while another variable is observed and measured

Question 26

independent variable

Answer 26

value that is manipulated by the researcher

Question 27

dependent variable

Answer 27

value that is observed to assess the effect of the treatment

Question 28

control condition

Answer 28

group that either receives no treatment or receives a neutral, placebo treatment

Question 29

experimental condition

Answer 29

group that receives the experimental treatment

Question 30

nonequivalent groups study

Answer 30

score comparison method where the researcher does not control which participants go into which group

Question 31

pre-post study

Answer 31

method of using the passage of time to create the groups of scores

Question 32

quasi-independent variable

Answer 32

value that is used to create the different groups of scores