Week 1 Exam

Question 1

these bonds exist between the nucleotides across the DNA strands

Answer 1

hydrogen bonds

Question 2

these bonds exist between the nucleotides along the sugar-phosphate backbone

Answer 2

covalent bonds

Question 3

these consist of a nitrogenous base, five-carbon sugar, and phosphate groups
are subunits of nucleic acids

Answer 3

nucelotides

Question 4

a strong chemical bond with a sharing of electron pairs with a balance of attractive and repulsive forces

Answer 4

covalent bonds

Question 5

this group is attached to the sugars 5’ carbon

Answer 5

phosphate

Question 6

this group is attached to the sugars 3’ carbon

Answer 6

hydroxyl

Question 7

this base attaches to the 1’ carbon

Answer 7

nitrogenous base

Question 8

nucleotide’s are joined by this bond by it attaching to the 3’ carbon of the next nucleotide to form a polynucleotide

Answer 8

phosphodiester bond

Question 9

Skip

Answer 9

Skip

Question 10

rate at which observable changes occur in DNA sequences

Answer 10

mutation rate

Question 11

transmit genetic info from parent offspring (contain heritable info so a mutation in DNA here will affect offspring)

Answer 11

germ cells

Question 12

form the body ( mutations in DNA of these cells only affect the body not the offspring)

Answer 12

somatic cells

Question 13

mechanism that cells use to make a complementary sequence of one DNA strand from another

Answer 13

DNA templating

Question 14

one parent (template) strand and one new strand in each daughter cell

Answer 14

semi conservative replication

Question 15

keeps DNA double strand from becoming tangled as it unwinds

Answer 15

topoisomerase

Question 16

this enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds in DNA replication

Answer 16

helicase

Question 17

continuously synthesized by DNA polymerase

Answer 17

leading strand

Question 18

synthesized discontinuously in fragments, called okazaki fragments and then ligated together by a different DNA polymerase

Answer 18

Lagging Strand

Question 19

makes short RNA pieces or primers (10 nucleotides long) on the lagging strand

Answer 19

DNA primase

Question 20

Steps in making the lagging stand:

Answer 20

1. RNA primer binds
2. DNA pol adds nucleotides from RNA primer (5’ to 3’)
3. DNA pol finishes okazaki fragment
4. old RNA primer is degraded and replaced with DNA
5. DNA ligase joins new okazaki fragment to the growing strand

Question 21

push DNA polymerase over the parent strand, allowing correct position of molecules for synthesis

Answer 21

sliding clamp proteins

Question 22

where DNA duplication begins… there are many of these along eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 22

replication origin

Question 23

allows one copy of each duplicate to be pulled into each daughter cell.

Answer 23

centromere

Question 24

this protein is formed at the centromere and attaches both chromosomes to the mitotic spindle

Answer 24

kinetochore

Question 25

these repeated sequences form the ends of a chromosome and protect the chromosome from being eaten by DNA repair genes

Answer 25

telomeres/telomerase

Question 26

the ability of a chromosome to fold and unfold into a densely or loosely packed chromatin makes it a; meaning that it has a physical structure that allows it to change shape

Answer 26

fractal globule (solenoid model)

Question 27

large proteins that act like combs that DNA can twist around.

Answer 27

condesins

Question 28

aid in understanding chromatin organization

Answer 28

polytene chromosomes

Question 29

inherited not within DNA but in addition to it

Answer 29

epigenetic inheritence

Question 30

highly condensed chromatin that contains very few genes or silenced genes; transcriptionally inactive

Answer 30

heterochromatin

Question 31

less condensed chromatin that can be packaged into heterochromatin

Answer 31

euchromatin

Question 32

serve to separate the heterochromatin from the euchromatin at the nuclear pore.

Answer 32

barrier proteins

Question 33

large blocks of human genome contains the exact same genes in the exact same order as in other mammals

Answer 33

conserved synteny

Question 34

entire genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 34

genome

Question 35

Universal Features of All Cells

Answer 35

DNA - cells replicate through templated polymerization - use RNA as intermediate via transcription - use proteins as enzyme catalysts and these catalytic reactions form new DNA - use tRNA to translate RNA into protein proteins are encoded by specific genes - free energy is required of many cell processes (ATP) - have plasma membranes - can exist with about 300 genes

Question 36

a double layer of membrane that surrounds the nucleus and separates the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm; preforated by nuclear pores

Answer 36

nuclear envelope

Question 37

this is synthesized on a template that is a preexisting DNA strand with hydrogen bonds formed between the bases

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

copying (or templated polymerization) of a single strand of DNA to form a second strand of DNA is called

Answer 38

replication

Question 39

the idea of DNA is used to make something useful for the organism. so DNA must be expressed as a protein.

Answer 39

central dogma of life

Question 40

replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA

Answer 40

Pol γ (gamma)

Question 41

forms complex with DNA pol subunits to act as a primase (synthesizing RNA primer) then elongates that primer for ~20 nucleotides; starts the process

Answer 41

Pol α (alpha) primase

Question 42

exonuclease function involved in lagging strand synthesis; takes over from DNA poly (a)

Answer 42

Pol δ (delta)

Question 43

exonuclease function synthesizes the leading strand

Answer 43

Pol ε (epsilon)

Question 44

DNA repair (base excision & gap filling)

Answer 44

Pol β (beta)

Question 45

non-homologous; end joining repair

Answer 45

Pol λ and μ (lambda and mu)

Question 46

translesion synthesis; not really good and will replicate through damaged DNA but useful

Answer 46

Pol η, ι, κ (eta, iota, kappa)

Question 47

small vesicles where hydrogen peroxides are used to inactivate toxic molecules

Answer 47

peroxisomes

Question 48

take up oxygen and harness energy from the oxidation of food molecules to produce most of the ATP that powers the cells activities

Answer 48

mitochondria

Question 49

translate RNAs to proteins and it is also where most of the cells metabolic processes take place

Answer 49

ribosomes

Question 50

segment of a DNA sequence corresponding either to a single protein or a single catalytic, regulatory or structural RNA molecule

Answer 50

Gene

Question 51

any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription

Answer 51

regulatory proteins

Question 52

no distinct DNA compartment (DNA floats free, have cell walls outside of the plasma membrane, no mitochondria or very few

Answer 52

prokaryotic cells

Question 53

larger size, more elaborate structure, bigger genomes, DNA in nucleus, complex cytoskeleton, ability to phagocytose things

Answer 53

eukaryotic cells

Question 54

the way in which DNA information is copied throughout the living world

Answer 54

templated polymerization

Question 55

Lysosomal storage diseases

Answer 55

gaucher disease, tay-sachs, metachromatic leukodystrophy, hurler syndromes

Question 56

deficiency of a specific lysozyme located within the lysosomes of the cells. absence of specific lysozyme leads to lack of degradation of certain compounds (glycosphingolipids) and their eventual accumulation in cells

Answer 56

lysosomal storage disease

Question 57

formed at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. allows for origin of replication to be used. at the beginning of s phase, CDKs phosphorylate replication proteins, causing disassembly of this and initiation of DNA replication

Answer 57

pre-replicative complex

Question 58

the number of complete homologous sets of chromosomes in a genome

Answer 58

ploidy

Question 59

different number of chromosomes; a loss or gain of a chromosome, either a sex chromosome or an autosome

Answer 59

Aneuploidy

Question 60

breakage or loss of a portion of a chromosome that leads to the loss of specific genes in that deleted region

Answer 60

deletions

Question 61

breakage of two chromosomes with transfer of one broken segment to another chromosome

Answer 61

translocations

Question 62

breaking of a chromosome at centromere, with one arm of a chromosome being duplicated resulting in a chromosome with two p’s or two q’s

Answer 62

isochrome formations

Question 63

breakage of two chromosomes with transfer of one broken segment to another chromosome

Answer 63

translocations

Question 64

disease caused by chromosomal translocation

Answer 64

chronic myelogenous leukemia t(9;22)