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Unit 6: SXS > Week 1 ILS (lecture) > Flashcards

Week 1 ILS (lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Mediterannean diet

- favorable effects

A
  • Incease HSL, decrease LDL
  • Vasodilation
  • Antioxidant
  • decrease in HTN
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2
Q

DASH diet

  • what is it?
  • effects
A
  • balanced between grains, fruits, veggies, lean meat/fish, dairy. low in Na
  • Reduce BP
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3
Q

Olive oil

  • contains
  • effect
A
  • high levels on mono-unsaturated fat

- decrease in BP

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4
Q

Cocoa

  • high in
  • kind
  • effect
A
  • flavanols
  • 70% or more cocoa
  • decrease in BP
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5
Q

Red wine

  • high in?
  • effect
A
  • polyphenol

- help BP

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6
Q

Whole grains

  • how?
  • effect?
  • form?
A
  • fiber
  • lower risk of cardiovascular events
  • needs to be intact grain, not pulverized
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7
Q

Fish

  • high in
  • effect
  • types
A
  • omega 3
  • more flexible fatty acid in he membrane means that there will be greater elasticity in blood vessels
  • Salmon, Maceral, Anchovies, Sardines, Herring
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8
Q

Nuts

  • why?
  • how much?
A
  • high in fiber and omega 9

- one large handful every other day

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9
Q

Flax seeds

- why?

A
  • high in omega 3 and fiber
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10
Q

Fiber

- effect?

A
  • reduction in BP
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11
Q

B vitamins

  • what is it?
  • what does it do?
A
  • Niacin

- reduce homocysteine which reduce hypercoagulable state

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12
Q

D vitamins

  • effect
  • deficiency
A
  • helpful for renal control and blood pressure and has direct effect on myocardium and arteries themselves
  • Vitamin D deficiency increases cardiovascular risk by 62%
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13
Q

Vitamin E

- effect

A
  • antioxidant
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14
Q

Magnesium

  • how?
  • deficiency?
  • sources
A
  • relaxes muscle and also blood vessels and does the opposite of calcium
  • will cause high BP
  • pumpkin seeds, coffee, quinoa, spinach, beans
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15
Q

Inorganic Nitrates

- how?

A
  • high in nitric oxide which is a vaso-dilator.
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16
Q

Co Q 10

  • how?
  • effect?
A
  • important in mito function and has antioxidant properties

- used for hypertension and heart failure

17
Q

How to look at rhythm

A
  • each P wave should be followed by QRS and each QRS should have P wave in front
  • Is p wave upright in leads I, II, III
  • Is PR interval 3-5 small boxes wide?
18
Q

How to tell if rate is normal

  • fast method
  • calculator method
  • marker method
A
  • Look for 3-5 big boxes from R to R; 3: 100 bpm, 4: 75 bpm, 5: 60 bpm
  • less than 3 big boxes between R to R
  • Variable amount of boxes between each R to R
19
Q

Calculator method

A
  • count small boxes between two R to R intervals
  • 1500/ the amount of small boxes
  • can only be used if R to R is constant and not variable
20
Q

Marker method

A
  • use big big boxes( 5 boxes)
  • 3 big big boxes = 15 big boxes
  • Figure out how many big big boxes the ECG has (6 big boxes vs 10 big boxes) then count the amount of the QRS complexes in those seconda and multiply that number by however much you would need to multiply the amount of seconds to get 60 seconds
21
Q

Axis

  • what is it?
  • what leads to look at?
  • normal?
  • abnormal Left vs Right vs both
A
  • how the heart lays in the chest
  • I and aVF
  • both should be positive deflections (upward)
  • I up and aVR down = Left axis deviation
  • I down and aVR up = Right axis deviation
  • I down and aVR down = Extreme right axis deviation
22
Q

Interval and segments

  • looking at
  • normals
  • RR interval:
  • P wave:
  • PR interval:
  • PR segment:
  • QRS complex:
  • ST segment:
  • T wave:
  • ST interval:
  • QT interval:
A
  • intervals and segments
  • RR interval: 0.6-1.2 seconds
  • P wave: 80 milliseconds; 2 small boxes
  • PR interval: 120-200 milliseconds; 3-5 small boxes
  • PR segment: 50-120 milliseconds; 1.5 to 3 small boxes
  • QRS complex: 80-100 milliseconds; 2 to 2.5 small boxes
  • ST segment: 80-120 milliseconds
  • T wave: 160 milliseconds; 4 small boxes
  • ST interval: 320 milliseconds; 8 small boxes
  • QT interval: 420; 10 to 10.5 small boxes
23
Q

Complexes/Waves

  • looking for
  • atrial hypertrophy
  • ventricular hypertrophy
A
  • places for hypertophy
  • Lead v1- left atrial enlargement, Lead II right atrial enlargement
  • Lead V1; positive inflection means right ventricular hypertrophy; would normally expect a negative inflection
24
Q

1 sxs

A

Right atrial enlargement; right is lead II, left is Lead V1

25
Q

2 sxs

A

Left atrial enlargement; right is lead II, left is Lead V1

26
Q

Inverted T wave

- means

A

-cardiac ischemia

27
Q

ST segment depression

- meaning

A
  • subendocardial infarction (early stages
28
Q

ST elevation

- meaning

A
  • MI
29
Q

Really long R to S

A
  • evidence of previous infarction
30
Q

Leads that correspond to specific area of heart

  • anterolateral
  • interior
  • anterior septal
  • apical
A
  • I, aVL, V5, V6
  • II, III, aVF
  • V1, V2
  • V3, V4

Unit 6: SXS (6 decks)

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