Week 1: Intro to Biochem

Question 1

Why was the development of catalysis important to the development of life?

Answer 1

Catalysis lowered the activation energy of certain reactions

allowed biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly

allowed the substrate to be in the proper conformation for a reaction to occur

allowed the substrate to be in close proximity to the reacting groups for a reaction to occur

Question 2

Why was the development of a coding system important to the development of life?

Answer 2

Coding allowed cell information to be stored and copied. Coding allows for reproduction of cells.

Question 3

The cells of these organisms contain membrane-bounded organelles.

Answer 3

Eukaryotes

Question 4

The cells of these organisms do not have a well-defined nucleus.

Answer 4

Prokaryotes

Question 5

_______ are simpler than _______. _______tend to be smaller and they do not contain internal membranes or membrane systems.

Answer 5

Prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells contain three types of organelles that contain DNA: _______________. The DNA contained in each one is different from the DNA in the others.

Answer 6

nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Question 7

The five kingdoms include ______________

Answer 7

monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.

Question 8

What kingdom does cyanobacteria belong to?

Answer 8

Monera

Question 9

What kingdom does Euglena belong to?

Answer 9

Protista

Question 10

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

Answer 10

Fungi

Question 11

What kingdom do birch trees belong to?

Answer 11

Plantae

Question 12

What kingdom do spiders belong to?

Answer 12

Animalia

Question 13

Eukaryotes can be much __________ than prokaryotes due to their organelles, thus reducing the ________ surface-to-volume problem.

Answer 13

larger

nutrient uptake

Question 14

What are two major advantages of enzyme catalysts in living organisms when compared with other simple chemical catalysts such as acids or bases?

Answer 14

Two of the most obvious advantages are speed and specificity; they also work at constant temperature or produce little heat.

Question 15

In prokaryotes, the cell lacks a ________ and _________-; it has only a ______ region, the portion of the cell that contains _______, and a ________ that separates it from the outside world. The other principal feature of a prokaryotic cell’s interior is the presence of _______, the site of __________.

Answer 15

well-defined nucleus, internal membrane
nuclear, DNA
cell membrane
ribosomes
protein synthesis

Question 16

A eukaryotic cell has a ______________, and a considerably more complex internal structure than a prokaryote. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by a ___________

Answer 16

well-defined nucleus, both internal membranes and a cell membrane

double membrane

Question 17

Prokaryotes:
Lack _________
Include _________

Archaea:
Often inhabit _________
Similar in structure to ________

Answer 17

nucleus and internal organelles
bacteria and cyanobacteria

extreme environments
bacteria

Question 18

Eukaryotes:
Contain ________
Unicellular - _________
Multicellular - ________

Answer 18

nucleus and intracellular compartments

Yeast and Paramecium

Animals and Plants

Question 19

Existence of _________ is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 19

organelles

Question 20

Ribosomes consist of ______ and _______ and are the sites of ___________ in all organisms

Answer 20

RNA, protein

protein synthesis

Question 21

Chloroplasts are the sites of _________ in _________

Answer 21

photosynthesis

green plants

Question 22

Animal cells have neither _______ nor _________; the same is true of some protists.

Answer 22

cell walls

chloroplasts

Question 23

The nucleus is the organelle that contains the main ________ in ________

Answer 23

genetic apparatus

eukaryotes

Question 24

List five differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Answer 24

(1) Prokaryotes do not have a well-defined nucleus, but eukaryotes have a nucleus marked off from the rest of the cell by a double membrane.
(2) Prokaryotes have only a plasma (cell) membrane; eukaryotes have an extensive internal membrane system.
(3) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
(4) Eukaryotic cells are normally larger than those of prokaryotes.
(5) Prokaryotes are single celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.

Question 25

___________ are all organelles enclosed by a double membrane.

Answer 25

Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

Question 26

Mitochondria carry out a high percentage of the __________ of the cell. They are the primary sites of _________.

Answer 26

oxidation (energy-releasing) reactions ATP synthesis

Question 27

List the five kingdoms into which living organisms are divided, and give at least one example of an organism belonging to each kingdom.

Answer 27

Monera includes bacteria (e.g., E. coli) and cyanobacteria. Protista includes such organisms as Euglena, Volvox, Amoeba, and Paramecium. Fungi includes molds and mushrooms. Plantae includes club mosses and oak trees. Animalia includes spiders, earthworms, salmon, rattlesnakes, robins, and dogs.

Question 28

Living systems obey _________ as nonliving systems

Answer 28

the same scientific principles

Question 29

Hierarchy of simple to complex in the human body (8):

Answer 29

Atoms (ex. oxygen and hydrogen) Molecules (ex. water) Macromolecules (ex. protein) Organelles (ex. nucleus, mitochondria, golgi) Cell (ex. bone cell) Tissue (ex. bone tissue) Organ (ex. bone) Body system of organism

Question 30

The most abundant elements found in living systems are:

Answer 30

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

Question 31

Living organisms are _______-based, therefore closely related to ________

Answer 31

carbon organic chemistry

Question 32

Four major types of biomolecules:

Answer 32

Amino acids Lipids Nucleotides Carbohydrates

Question 33

Biochemistry

Answer 33

the study of living organisms and their chemical processes at the molecular and cellular levels

Question 34

Amino acid: Central carbon is bonded to a ______, an _________, a ______, and _______

Answer 34

carboxyl group amino group hydrogen R group

Question 35

Lipids: _________ in water long chains of _________

Answer 35

poorly soluble hydrocarbons

Question 36

Nucleotides: composed of a _________, a ________, and ___________

Answer 36

five-carbon sugar nitrogen-containing ring one or more phosphate groups

Question 37

Carbohydrates: Compounds of _______

Answer 37

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ex. glucose

Question 38

Functional groups determine ________ and __________

Answer 38

chemical reactivity molecular structure

Question 39

small molecules that combine to form polymer

Answer 39

monomer

Question 40

macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units

Answer 40

polymers

Question 41

_______ is an example of a polymer that is informational meaning the order of the ______ within the larger structure carries information

Answer 41

Nucleic acid monomers

Question 42

______ do not form polymers because ________

Answer 42

Lipids lack of common functional groups

Question 43

Three types of polymers and their component monomers:

Answer 43

Proteins: polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds Polysaccharides: polymers of carbohydrates joined by glycosidic bonds

Question 44

Three-domain classification system uses the sequence of _________ of each species

Answer 44

ribosomal RNA

Question 45

Three-domain classification system: Prokaryotes: - - Eukaryotes: -

Answer 45

Prokaryotes: - Bacteria (ex. E. coli) - Archaea (ex. Halobacteria) Eukaryotes: - Eukarya (ex. Paramecium and dogs) - includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms

Question 46

Enzymes are...

Answer 46

biological catalysts

Question 47

Mitochondria are the site of ______ that _______ for the cell

Answer 47

oxidation processes yield energy

Question 48

The hierarchical organization of living organisms includes atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. How do amino acids fit into this organization?

Answer 48

Molecules

Question 49

Ribose sugar can be found in ______ and ______

Answer 49

polysaccharide and RNA

Question 50

DNA contains ________, not ribose

Answer 50

deoxyribose