Week 1 - Introduction and Molecular Genetics

Question 1

first research on genes

Answer 1

Galton: Hereditary Genius

Question 2

genetic similarity between nephews

Answer 2

12.5%

Question 3

genetic similarity between children of MZ twins

Answer 3

25%

Question 4

genetic similarity between DZ twins

Answer 4

50%

the same as normal siblings

Question 5

gene

Answer 5

basic unit of inheritance

we all have the same genes, but they do different stuff

Question 6

allele

Answer 6

alternative variants of a gene

Question 7

autosomes

Answer 7

all chromosomes except sex chromosomes

we have 22 pairs

Question 8

gamets

Answer 8

eggs and sperm

Question 9

meiose

Answer 9

creation of eggs and sperm cells

Question 10

Huntington’s disease

Answer 10

dominant autosomal

children of affected parents have 50% chance

Question 11

PKU

Answer 11

= phenylketonuria
recessive autosomal
children of affected parents have 25% chance

Question 12

derived science

Answer 12

e. g. psychology

derived from biology etc.

Question 13

irreversibility of genetics

Answer 13

you cannot create the parent generation from the daughter generations DNA

Question 14

eukaryote cells

Answer 14

multi-cellular life

very organised and specialised

Question 15

prokaryote cells

Answer 15

single-celled life

less organised

Question 16

adenine and guanine

Answer 16

purines

Question 17

cytosine and thymine

Answer 17

pyrimidines

Question 18

polymer

Answer 18

very long molecule

e. g. DNA (1 meter)

Question 19

DNA pair bonds

Answer 19

adenine - thymine

guanine - cytosine

Question 20

sugar-phosphate

Answer 20

acidic

the backbone of double helix

Question 21

nucleotides

Answer 21

the base pairs

Question 22

DNA two functions

Answer 22

replication

expression

Question 23

differences DNA and RNA

Answer 23

only DNA has two strains
uracil in RNA instead of thymine
RNA is way shorter

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

messenger RNA

goes to the protein

Question 25

translation

Answer 25

RNA -> protein

Question 26

transcription

Answer 26

DNA -> RNA

Question 27

non-coding RNA

Answer 27

transfer RNA & ribosomal RNA

Question 28

splicing

Answer 28

cutting and rejoining RNA | thereby deactivating genes

Question 29

codon

Answer 29

three nucleotides

Question 30

amino acids

Answer 30

20 kinds | make up proteins

Question 31

synonymous

Answer 31

nucleotide changed | but produces the same protein

Question 32

superstructure of DNA

Answer 32

coiled around histone coiled in helix packed chromosome

Question 33

number chromosomes in humans

Answer 33

22 autosomes pairs 1 sex chromosome -> 46

Question 34

ploidy

Answer 34

haploid or diploir

Question 35

diploid

Answer 35

two chromosomes | in normal cell life

Question 36

haploid

Answer 36

one chromosome | inn gametes

Question 37

mitosis

Answer 37

normal cell division | of diploid cell

Question 38

crossing-over

Answer 38

during meiosis | random exchange between two gametes

Question 39

expression levels

Answer 39

different in every tissue

Question 40

mRNA

Answer 40

messenger RNA | goes to the protein

Question 41

translation

Answer 41

RNA -> protein

Question 42

transcription

Answer 42

DNA -> RNA

Question 43

non-coding RNA

Answer 43

transfer RNA & ribosomal RNA

Question 44

splicing

Answer 44

cutting and rejoining RNA | thereby deactivating genes

Question 45

codon

Answer 45

three nucleotides

Question 46

amino acids

Answer 46

20 kinds | make up proteins

Question 47

synymous

Answer 47

nucleotide changed | but produces the same protein

Question 48

superstructure of DNA

Answer 48

coiled around histone coiled in helix packed chromosome

Question 49

number chromosomes in humans

Answer 49

22 autosomes pairs 1 sex chromosome -> 46

Question 50

ploidy

Answer 50

haploid or diploir

Question 51

diploid

Answer 51

two chromosomes | in normal cell life

Question 52

haploid

Answer 52

one chromosome | inn gametes

Question 53

mitosis

Answer 53

normal cell division | of diploid cell

Question 54

crossing-over

Answer 54

during meiosis | random exchange between two gametes

Question 55

expression levels

Answer 55

different in every tissue

Question 56

Hardy-Weinberg equation

Answer 56

equilibrium of genotypes when there is no outside influence

Question 57

p2 in Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 57

homozygous

Question 58

q2 in Hardy-Weinberg

Answer 58

heterozygous