Week 1 - Introduction of Psychopharm Flashcards

Question

What is an antagonist

Answer 1

A drug diminishes effect of another drug

Answer 2

Addictive effect

Answer 3

A drug has a greater effect when taken with another drug than might be expected by simply combining their effects

Answer 4

- Oral - Inhalation of gases - Inhalation of smoke - Intranasal Administration - Parenteral Routes: injection (subcutaneous; intramuscular and intraperitoneal) - Intravenous - Intrathecal - Intracerbrioventricular - Transdernal administration - Intrarectal administration

Answer 5

peroral (p.o.); drugs are swallowed (typically absorbed via digestive system o Having a full stomach effects absorption rate

Answer 6

``` allows fast distribution through the body and to brain o Enters into lungs and absorbs quickly into capillaries and then quickly goes to the heart  brain o Also doesn’t have to go through first class metabolism ```

Answer 7

can only exhale if it is a gas – can’t exhale if it is a smoke o Really easy to control administration – good for general anesthetics

Answer 8

inhalation of solids/powders | o Bypasses first part of metabolism

Answer 9

drug is injected just under the skin – fairly slow and even absorption

Answer 10

needle is inserted into the muscle, usually the upper arm or buttock in humans

Answer 11

needle inserted into peritoneal cavity (sack containing the visceral organs, e.g. intestines, liver, spleen)

Answer 12

needle inserted into the vein and drug administered directly into the bloodstream

Answer 13

needle inserted between the base of the skull and the first vertebrae (into subarachnoid space so it reaches CSF; e.g. spinal anesthesia)

Answer 14

Needle inserted into a cannula inserted into the ventricles of the brain (bypasses blood-brain barrier)

Answer 15

drugs administered through the skin (e.g. nicotine patch)

Answer 16

Suppositories placed in the rectum and drug is absorbed into the blood stream

Answer 17

- Lipid solubility - Ionization and ion tapping - pH

Answer 18

o Drugs that are lipid soluble can pass through cell membranes easily, but o Drugs that readily dissolve in fats (high lipid solubility) tend to stay in fat and are less effective; released into the blood stream slowly

Answer 19

ions are not lipid soluble; can’t easily pass through cell membrane

Answer 20

o a base is more readily ionized in an acidic solution, and an acid is more readily ionized in a basic solution

Answer 21

 pKa of substance X is the pH at which half of its molecules are ionized

Answer 22

- Placental barrier | - Blood-brain barrier

Answer 23

substances a mother takes pass thorugh the placental barrier to the fetus (high lipid soluble drugs cross more easily) o 75-100% of mother’s drug concentration reaches fetus < 5 mins

Answer 24

prevents non-lipid soluble substances getting into the brain

Answer 25

non-lipid soluble substances attach themselves to carrier molecule that can pass across membranes or uses protein channel to pass through  Diffusion from high concentration to low concentration area (no energy needed)

Answer 26

only takes place in living membranes; uses energy; actively concentrates a substance on one side of a membrane

Answer 27

o Kidneys filters unwanted substances out of the blood in the form of urine o Work best with high concentrations of drug and filter at a lower rate with low concentrations in the blood

Answer 28

o Liver uses enzymes to break down (metabolise) toxic substances into less harmful substances (metabolites ) – i.e. presence/availability of enzymes in important

Answer 29

levels of an enzyme can be increased by prior exposure ot a drug that uses that enzyme; leads to metabolic tolerance

Answer 30

metabolism is depression when: 2 drugs that use the same enzyme are taken at the same time, or one blocks enzyme activity of other

Answer 31

enzymes are not fully functional at birth; liver function is less efficient in the elderly

Answer 32

levels of enzymes differ in different species

Answer 33

any drug absorbed from the digestive system passes thorugh the liver and undergoes some degree of metabolism before going to the heart (this is first-pass metab.) - > Drugs taken via other modes of administration may reach higher levels in the body because they do not undergo first-pass metabolism (e.g. drugs absorbed through nasal cavities)