Week 1-Introduction to 21st Century Flashcards
1
Q
What is Literature?
A
Literally, it means “an acquaintance with letters” as in the first sense given in
the Oxford English Dictionary
2
Q
In Latin, “littera” means an individual written
character. It represents a language or people; culture or tradition, passion and dignified thoughts. It introduces us to new world of experience. It records the experience of man. It imitates and interprets life through language.
A
Literature
3
Q
What is the Importance Of Literature?
A
Literature molds man as a total human being, sympathetic, aware and
sensitive. It educates and entertains. When we read literature, we are
informed of events that beset our environment and the fictitious characters
and colorful events amuse us.
Literature leads us to understand the life of man. It is important to us
because it speaks to us and it affects us. Even when literature is seemingly
ugly, it is still beautiful. It enlivens human interest, enriches and colors our
imagination. It is an expression of thought, feeling, emotions and attitudes
towards life. It shapes our minds that make us changed individuals.
Literature shapes man not only as nurses, engineers, accountants, teachers,
doctors, computer specialists, information technologists, etc. but as man, his
personality, as well as his views and ideas, count.
4
Q
this is an artistic piece of philosophical, personal, imaginative or
inspirational nature that is laid out in lines.
A
Poetry
5
Q
this is a literary piece that is written without metrical structure.
A
Prose
6
Q
this is simply defined as a product of one’s imaginative
mind. It can be a drama, short story, novel, myth, folktale and poetry
A
Fictional Literature
7
Q
this is opposite to fiction as it comes out of one’s
personal experiences, a true and factual account of varying information. It
comprises the interesting facts with analysis and illustrations. It includes
autobiography, biography, essay, literary criticism, journal, newspaper, diary,
magazine, etc.
A
Non-fictional Literature
8
Q
this is a composition written in verses having standard measurements and
written with a higher intensity of artistic beauty.
A
Poem
8
Q
this is a composition written in verses having standard measurements and
written with a higher intensity of artistic beauty.
A
Poem
9
Q
“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings in tranquility.”
A
Poem
10
Q
The poet
employs the following in constructing a poem;
A
; diction that includes
denotation and connotation of words, imagery, symbolism, figurative
language, rhythm and rhyme
11
Q
Poems are classified into three:
A
lyric, narrative and dramatic
12
Q
this refers to short poems which express the personal thoughts or
emotions of the poet. It can be a song, ode, elegy or sonnet. It is intended to
be sung.
A
Lyric Poem
13
Q
this poem tells a story. It can be a ballad or an epic.
A
Narrative poem
14
Q
this is a theatrical dialogue performed on stage. It can be a
tragedy, comedy, melodrama or tragicomedy.
A
Dramatic poetry
15
Q
this is a small commercial fiction, true or imaginary, and smaller than
a novel.
A
Short story
16
Q
It is composed with an easy beginning illustrated in its exposition, a
conflict that holds the problem to be solved in the selection, a concrete theme
that presents the subject matter of the story, some dialogs and actions that
picture the rising action and climax, an ends with a resolution.
A
short story
17
Q
They are oral
and short-lived. Some examples are gossip, joke, fable, myth, parable, hearsay
and legend.
A
short story
18
Q
this is a literary composition that presents the author’s point of view about
any particular topic in a detailed way.
A
essay
19
Q
this has simple way of narrating the
main subject; therefore, they are descriptive, lengthy, subject-oriented and
comparative
A
Essay
20
Q
this is a short piece of fiction containing elements described in the
chart on these pages. It is a prose that has one unit of place, time and action.
A
short story
21
Q
It is a “bite size” version of a novel.
A
short story
22
Q
It is written by someone with serious artistic intentions who hopes to
broaden, deepen, and sharpen your awareness of life. It brings you into the
real world enabling you to understand the difficulties of life and to empathize
with others.
A
short story
23
Q
this has eight elements to help you understand and
enjoy reading it. These elements are plot and structure, character and
characterization, theme, setting, point of view, tone and style, symbol,
allegory and fantasy, humor and irony
A
short story
24
It is a reflection of motivation and causation. It is the sequence of incidents or
events through which an author constructs a story
Plot and structure plot
25
This is not merely the
action itself, but the way the author arranges the action toward a specific end
(structure).
Plot and Structure Plot
26
It defines the layout of the work. It presents how each event causes or leads
to the next.
structure
27
this has the following elements: conflict, exposition, rising action, climax,
falling action and resolution.
Plot
28
It is where plot is often created. It is a controlling impulse in a connected
pattern of causes and effects
Conflict
29
It is a major element of plot because it arouses
curiosity, causes doubt, creates tension and produces interest. Remember
that if there is no tension there is no interest.
Conflict
30
this is classified into external and internal:
Conflict
31
this is one between a character and an outside force, such as
another character, nature, society, or fate.
External Conflict
32
this takes place within the mind of a character who is torn
between opposing feelings or between different courses of action. This is also
called dilemma, a conflict within or for one person.
Internal Conflict
33
Most plots develop in five stages:
1. Exposition introduces the story’s characters, setting, and conflict.
2. Rising action occurs as complications, twists, or intensifications of
the conflict occur.
3. Climax is the emotional high point of the story. It is the most exciting
part of the story.
4. Falling action is the logical result of the climax.
5. Resolution presents the final outcome of the story. It may be happy,
unhappy or indeterminate.
34
this introduces the story’s characters, setting, and conflict
Exposition
35
this occurs as complications, twists, or intensifications of
the conflict occur.
Rising Action
36
this is the emotional high point of the story. It is the most exciting
part of the story
Climax
37
this is the logical result of the climax
Falling Action
38
this presents the final outcome of the story. It may be happy,
unhappy or indeterminate.
Resolution
39
this is a verbal representation of a human being
Character
40
this usually has one or two predominant traits. The character can
be summed up in just a few lines. Example: A father who is strict from the
beginning to the end of the story.
Flat Character
41
this is complex, many faceted and has the qualities of real
people. Example: In the story, he is a father, a goon, an executive, etc
Round Character
42
this is a character that remains essentially the same throughout.
Example: The daughter who remains a baby from start to finish.
Static Character
43
this is a character that undergoes a significant change
during the story. Example: A daughter, who suffers from the beginning,
strives hard to improve her life and become rich, helps her parents and
becomes happy at the end, or vice-versa
Developing Character
44
There are three conditions that regulate change:
1. It must be consistent with the individual’s characterization as dramatized
in the story.
2. It must be sufficiently motivated by the circumstances in which the
character is placed.
3. The story must offer sufficient time for the change to take place and still
be believable
45
this is the quality of the character which is disclosed through
actions, descriptions, both personal and environmental, dramatic statements
and thoughts, statements by other characters and statements by the author
speaking as storyteller, or observer
Characterization
46
The ______ of a story is its overall context- where, when and in what
circumstances the action occurs.
Setting
47
____________ - The physical environment where the story takes place. The
description of the environment often points towards its importance.
Setting as Place
48
______ - includes time in all of its dimensions. To determine the
importance, ask, “What was going on at that time?”
Setting as Time
49
_______- Setting also involves the social
circumstances of the time and place. Consider historical events and social
and political issues of the time
Setting as Cultural Context (Condition)
50
this Creates atmosphere, gives insight to characters, and
provides connections to other aspects of the story
Effects of Setting
51
this refers to whoever is telling the story. It is the speaker, narrator,
persona or voice created by the author to tell the story.
Point Of View (POV)
52
this relies on two factors namely the physical situation of the
narrator as an observer and the speaker’s intellectual and emotional position
Point Of View (POV)
53
______ = I, we
First Person
54
______ = you (uncommon)
Second Person
55
________ = He, she, they (most common)
Third person
56
Point of view may be:
– Dramatic/objective = strictly reporting
– Omniscient = all-knowing
– Limited omniscient = some insight
57
this is the central idea or message of a story, often a perception about life
or human nature.
Theme
58
these are directly presented in a story
Stated Themes
59
this must be inferred by considering all the elements of a story
and asking what message about life is conveyed.
Implied Themes
60
this is the method by which writers and speakers reveal attitudes or
feelings.
tone
61
this is the manner in which an author uses words, constructs sentences,
incorporates non-literal expressions, and handles rhythm, timing, and tone.
Style
62
this is central to an author’s style. It includes vocabulary or the choice of
words and syntax
Diction
63
_______ - Everyday word choice. (“She was sick for a long
time.)
Simple Words
64
________ - Flexing intellectual muscle (“Garages and cotton
gins had encroached and obliterated even the august names of that
neighborhood.)
Complex words
65
________ - Things we can touch, see, etc. (Jeans, book,
flowers, car, telephone...)
Concrete words
66
_______ - Words that express intangible ideas (freedom,
heritage, marriage, something)
Abstract words
67
– this refers to the arrangement of words, their ordering,
grouping and placement within phrases, clauses, and sentences.
Syntax
68
these are modes that expand meaning.
Symbolism, Allegory and Fantasy
69
this creates a direct, meaningful equation between a specific object,
scene, character, or action and ideas, values, persons or ways of life.
Symbol
70
when they are known by most literate people:
Examples: white dove, color black, etc.
Cultural (universal)
71
when they are created by the author and are private
Contextual (authorial)
72
this is a symbol that is complete and self-sufficient. Example is: “Young
Goodman Brown” “Juan dela Cruz” Uncle Sam”
Allegory
73
It is a story about animals that possess human traits
Fable
74
It is an allegory with moral or religious bent.
Example: Biblical stories.
Parable
75
this is the use of other culturally well-known works from the
Bible, Greek and Roman mythology, famous art, etc.
Allusion
76
A nonrealistic story that transcends the bounds of known
reality
Fantasy
77
like many other elements, are intended to create an
emotional impact on the reader
Humor and Irony
78
this is when things work out the opposite of what they're supposed to, or
expected to
Irony
79
What are the Guidelines in reading a short story
First Reading
Determine what is happening; where, what, who is involved, or the major
characters of the story
- Make a record of your reactions and responses
- Describe characterizations, events, techniques and ideas
Second Reading
Trace developing patterns
- Write expanded notes about characters, situations, actions
- Write paragraph describing your reactions and thoughts
- Write down questions that arise as you read (in the margins)
80
this is the broadest category of literature. Autobiographies,
biographies, memoirs, letters, essays, speeches and news articles are just a
few of the many types of nonfiction writing. All of these forms of prose
concern real, rather than imaginary subjects.
Nonfiction
81
What is nonfiction?
Books that are made up by the author, or not true, are fiction. Nonfiction is
the opposite of fiction. Books that are nonfiction, or true are about real
things, people, events, and places. Nonfiction gives information. It explains,
informs or illustrate.
Since non-fiction articles tell important information about real people,
events, and others, a good non-fiction writer should be able to achieve
credibility. He should be honest with your work.
Below are characteristics of nonfiction to differentiate nonfiction from short
story (fiction).
82
It tells a story just as works of fiction do. Autobiographies, memoirs,
biographies, and narrative essays are types of narrative nonfiction.
Narrative nonfiction
83
In an ___, a writer tells his life in a first-person point of view,
using the pronoun I, and typically focuses on the most significant events that
happened to him or her.
autobiography
84
In a_________, a writer also uses the first-person point of view to relate events
from his or her life.this differ from autobiographies in that they typically focus on one period of a person’s life
memoir
84
In a_________, a writer also uses the first-person point of view to relate events
from his or her life.this differ from autobiographies in that they typically focus on one period of a person’s life
memoir
85
In a ______, a writer also uses the first-person point of view to relate events
from his or her life. Memoirs differ from autobiographies in that they
typically focus on one period of a person’s life
biography
86
In a _______, a writer may use either the first- or third-person point of
view to relate a true story in a short composition. Examples include reflective
essays, personal essays, and journals
Narrative Essay
87
This includes essays, speeches, and articles that explain a topic or promote
an opinion.
Informative Nonfiction
88
Two major types of_______are expository essays and persuasive essays.
informative nonfiction
89
this essays explain a topic. Articles that explain the steps in a
process, report the news, or analyze a work of literature are all examples of
expository writing. Examples are analytical essays and research reports.
Expository Essays
90
Advice columns, movie reviews, and
editorials are all examples of
Persuasive Writing
91
this type essays promote opinion
Persuasive Essay
92
many ______ and______ follow a general structure of lead, body and conclusion.
Examples are editorials and political speeches.
Many persuasive and expository essays
93
this uses details related to the senses to create mental
images for the reader. Examples are character sketches and scientific
observation.
Descriptive Essay
94
this captures the reader’s attention and often includes a
thesis, or statement of the essay’s main idea
Lead or Introduction
95
The ______ develops the main
idea by providing supporting details, such as facts, reasons, quotations,
statistics, sensory details, examples, observations, and personal experiences.
Body
96
The ____ may restate the main idea, summarize the essay’s main
points, or leave the reader with something to think about
Conclusion
97
What Are the characteristics of Nonfiction
1. The people, events, places, and ideas presented in nonfiction are real,
not invented.
2. Nonfiction is narrated by an author who is a real person.
3. It presents facts, describes true-life experiences, or discusses ideas.
4. Nonfiction is written for a specific audience, or group of readers. In
addition, it addresses a clear purpose, or reason for writing. The
audience and purpose influence the type of information a writer
includes.
5. Tone, the author’s attitude toward the subject or reader, is displayed
through the writer’s word choice and style.
98
Other Information that the writer contributes to non-fiction are the
following:
1. Style – the way the writer uses the language. It reflects the writer’s
personality. The author’s style includes the level of formality, word
choice, sentence construction, methods of organization etc.
2. Tone – is the author’s attitude toward his work and his readers. As
you read the writer’s work, you feel his seriousness, friendliness,
personality, sarcasm, happiness, etc.
3. Perspective – is the point of view of the author. It is how he expresses
about his topic, either directly or indirectly.
4. Purpose – is the author’s reason for writing. His purposes may be to
inform, explain, persuade, honor, entertain and warn.
99
this is “a way of feeling life,” according to Daisy Zamora, a Nicaraguan
poet. Her statement helps answer how does poetry help us “feel” life”
Poetry
100
this captures intense experiences of creative perceptions of the world in a
musical language.
Poetry
101
Poetry is…
“Word music, the dance of language” … A.D. Hope
“Criticism of life” …Matthew Arnold
“The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” …William Wordsworth
“Poetry is the lava of the imagination” … Lord Byron
“Blood, imagination and intellect running together” …W.B. Yeats
101
Poetry is…
“Word music, the dance of language” … A.D. Hope
“Criticism of life” …Matthew Arnold
“The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” …William Wordsworth
“Poetry is the lava of the imagination” … Lord Byron
“Blood, imagination and intellect running together” …W.B. Yeats
102
What is a speaker in poetry
Every poem has a speaker, or a voice that talks to the reader. In prose, the
narrator is the speaker but not necessarily the author. In poetry, the speaker
is not necessarily the poet. It can also be a fictional person, an animal or a
thing.
103
What is a speaker in poetry
Every poem has a speaker, or a voice that talks to the reader. In prose, the
narrator is the speaker but not necessarily the author. In poetry, the speaker
is not necessarily the poet. It can also be a fictional person, an animal or a
thing.
104
This includes the subject matter and theme or the central idea of the work
The “What” of a Poem:
105
-Repetition of initial consonant sounds in words.
Around the rugged rock, the ragged rascal ran
“Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.”
The stream, the stream, the purring stream,
From “Canto 1, verse 9” by Serafin Lanot
Alliteration
106
-Use of words that sound like the objects or actions they
describe
Examples:
Glass breaking
I flung out my arms
Clatter
Clash
Crinkle
Crunch
Now a broom
Onomatopoeia
107
this is the repetition of vowel sounds.
Example:
I rose and told him of my woe
Day wane away
Assonance
108
repetition of consonant sounds anywhere in the lines
Examples:
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
(Robert Frost)
Consonance
109
This is the repetition of the same stressed vowel sound and any
succeeding sounds in two or more words.
Rhyme
110
this rhyme occurs within a line in poetry
Internal Rhyme
111
this rhyme occurs at the ends of lines.
End Rhyme
112
this is the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and
unstressed syllables in a line
Rhythm
113
this includes lines (verses), stanzas, and shape. Writers create stanzas for a
reason.
Form
114
this is a group of lines forming a unit. The _____ in a poem
are separated by a space.
Stanza
115
A pair of rhyming lines in a poem often set off from the rest of the poem.
Examples:
The flowers are gay
Along the highway
Quatrain
A four line stanza
Example:
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
Couplet
116
What are the types of Poem (Traditional Classification)
* Ballad - A narrative poem written in four-line stanza.
* Ode - A long stately form written in various stanzas.
* Sonnet - Sonnet is a lyric poem of 14 lines.
* Blank verse - An unrhymed ten-syllable poem.
* Free verse - A poem with no regular pattern or meter or rhyme.
* Limerick - A five-line rhymed poem that makes fun.
* Elegy - A poem expressing grief, of subjective, meditative nature.
* Epic - A long narrative poem that narrates the life and adventures of a
hero.
* Song - A lyric poem that expresses deep thoughts, feelings and
emotions
117
A narrative poem written in four-line stanza.
Ballad
118
A long stately form written in various stanzas.
Ode
119
this is a lyric poem of 14 lines.
Sonnet
120
An unrhymed ten-syllable poem
Blank Verse
121
- A poem with no regular pattern or meter or rhyme
Free verse
122
A five-line rhymed poem that makes fun.
Limerick
123
- A poem expressing grief, of subjective, meditative nature.
Elegy
124
- A long narrative poem that narrates the life and adventures of a
hero.
Epic
125
A lyric poem that expresses deep thoughts, feelings and
emotions
Song
126
A poem in which the first letter of each line, when read vertically, spell out a
word, which is usually the subject of the poem.
Acrostic poem
127
Words are placed to make the shape of an object or ideas described
shape poem
128
A seven-lined diamond-shaped poem that specifies the part of speech in each
line, sometimes with contrasting ideas
Diamond Poem
129
A Japanese-style poem of three lines, each with a fixed number of syllables
(5,7,5 or 4,8,4) -- mainly about nature and feelings
Haiku
130
this is the use of description that helps the reader imagine how
something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or taste. Most of the time, it refers to
appearance.
Examples:
“The young bird’s white, feathered wings flutter as he made his way across
the nighttime sky.”
From Alfred Lord Tennyson “Break Break Break”
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill;
But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand,
And the sound of a voice that is still!
Candles, yellow and white, burning;
Incense-smoke heavenward ascending;
From “Procession” by Guillermo V. Sison
Imagery
131
this include simile, metaphor, personification, and symbol that
are commonly used in poetry
Figures Of Speech
132
Explicit comparison, using ‘like’, ‘as’, ‘similar to’, ‘resembles’
Examples;
My shirtsleeve hangs
Over the rim of the laundry basket
Like a limp human arm
From the jaws of a crocodile. Chris Hereward
She is busy as a bee.
Simile
133
Implied comparison
Examples:
The sea is a hungry dog,
Giant and grey.
His face is a star to me.
Metaphor
134
Giving human qualities to an animal, object or abstract idea
Examples:
The wind whispers softly to my ears.
The tree sways on top of the hill.
Personification
135
this is a huge exaggeration.
Examples:
“Dan’s the funniest guy on the planet!”
“That baseball card is worth a zillion dollars!”
Hyperbole
136
this is the use of one thing to represent another.
Examples:
a dove is a symbol of peace
a mountain is a symbol of success
Symbolism
137
It is the reordering (inverting) of the usual word order of a sentence,
often by placing the subject after the verb as in the lines.
Example:
Emily Dickinson from "I never Saw a Moor"
I never spoke with God,
Nor visited in heaven;
Yet certain am I of the spot
As if the chart were given.
Heavenly Hurt, it gives us -
Inversion
138
It is a general term that includes a number of specific devices all of which are
rooted in having different parts of a sentence or corresponding parts in two
sentences mirror each other in structure
Parallelism
139
this is a frequent device in
prose as well as poetry.
Parallelism
140
The ______ has not been an effective technique for interpreting
literature. This may not be a new technique but it gives you the chance to
portray and convey the message of the story in words and in actual
presentation.
Drama or Play
141
this is told mainly through the words and actions of characters and
intended to be performed by actors.
Drama
142
What is Drama
Feature films can be considered as drama as well as any television programs.
Although drama shares certain elements with the other kinds of narrative, it
has some elements that are specifically characteristics of drama alone. As you
learn these elements, you will be able to appreciate and discuss plays that
you see and read.
Playwrights develop a script in the play that includes stage directions to help
actors, directors and readers visualize what is happening on stage. These
directions are interspersed between the lines of dialogue and are usually
printed in italics and enclosed in parentheses and brackets. The directions
explain how character should look, speak, act and move on stage. They also
specify details of the stage set such as lighting, props and sound effects.
143
What are characters in Drama
Characters can be human, supernatural, divine, mythical, animal,
personification of an abstraction. They reflect the personality of the
characters. In the drama, these are listed at the beginning of a play and might
include a short description of each character. The playwright further
describes a character when he or she first appears in the play. Audiences
learn about characters through their actions and dialogue
Characterization is the method of conveying information about characters in
art.
144
this is the geographical location of the play (story), time period, daily
lifestyle of characters and climate of the story
Setting
145
What is a Plot in Drama
The plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, events or ideas. It
encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. In the drama,
the plot is divided in to acts and scenes.
146
_____ -indicate changes of location or the passage of time. One act play
presents only one location over a brief period of time.
Acts/Scenes
147
this is an essential element of the drama. It makes the plot interesting
and intriguing because of the inbuilt conflicts and twists.
Conflict
148
this is the clash between the character and his people.THIS occurs between two men: man vs. circumstances or man vs. society.
External Conflict
149
this -is an element that presents the design of a completed action. In the
drama, it is illustrated in the plot and subplots (acts or scenes).
Structure
150
this is where the thoughts of characters are exhibited. It is the
conversation that portrays thoughts, emotions and feelings of the characters.
It includes clues to their background and personalities. It is also used in
advancing the plot.
Dialogue
151
This element contains the central idea of all literary forms. It reflects
innocence, experience, life, death, reality, fate, madness, love, society,
individual, etc. It reflects man and society as a whole
theme
152
what is a point of view in Drama
The element that serves as an instrument of the playwright to show how his
actions and words are arranged where the audience can draw their
conclusions. The playwright may use soliloquy or dramatic monologue or
aside. Soliloquy enables the speaker to talk to himself. He is heard directly by
the audience. Aside allows the character to talk alone and be heard by the
audience but not by the characters in the play.
153
_____ in drama signifies the attitude of the playwright to the story, reader,
characters, etc. The dialogues show the tone or the mood of the play vividly
Tone
154
this is an element used by the playwright to effectively show his main
point. He uses properties and other things to strengthen his objective. He
may use a big house or a shanty, a vast field, a motorcycle, a flag, a ship, etc.
Symbolism
155
This element is a hint or clue to suggest what will happen later in the story
Foreshadowing
156
It
creates suspense and encourages the reader to go and find out more about
the event that is being foreshadowed.
Foreshadowing
