Week 2 - Pre Spanish Era Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Philippines was a prosperous land that consists of small political units called
A
Barangays
2
Q
This refers to a type of government with primarily maritime
realms.
A
Thalassocracy
3
Q
As it was surrounded by huge bodies of water, it was only natural
that the Philippines thrived in maritime trade, particularly with fellow
Southeast Asian kingdoms, China, and Japan. In fact, it was recognized as a
major center of trade, with merchants coming from different parts of Asia
and visiting the King of Sugbu (now Cebu) to seek permission to trade in
their waters.
A
-read-
4
Q
The Filipino society back then consists of three distinct social classes
A
the maharlika (nobles), the timawa (freemen) and the alipin (slaves),
which can either be namamahay (household slaves that are granted homes
and can own property) or saguiguilid (slaves that do not have the right to
own property).
5
Q
household slaves that are granted homes
and can own property
A
namamahay.
6
Q
slaves that do not have the right to
own property
A
Saguiguilid
7
Q
These social classes are hereditary, but can be shifted by
means of certain circumstances. For instance, a timawa can turn into an
alipin as a punishment for committing a crime. The alipin can also become a
freeman by means of marriage, repayment through labor, or being set free by
their own masters.
A
-read-
8
Q
The Spanish, and other colonists thought of Filipinos and
other colonized groups
A
barbaric and illiterate people.
9
Q
In fact, they have
already established a centralized government, have their own legal system,
and most importantly, their own alphabet, which is called
A
Baybayin
10
Q
This was the
writing system used by Filipinos in the Pre-Spanish period. It is derived from
Brahmic scripts of India. It was one of the writing systems used in Southeast
Asia.
A
Baybayin
11
Q
A lot of people incorrectly name the ancient writing system Alibata, but that was a term coined by ____ after the arrangement of letters of the Arabic alphabet (alif, ba, ta, “f” having been eliminated for
easier pronunciation).
A
Paul Rodriguez Verzosa
12
Q
Long before the Spaniards landed on Philippine shores, the Filipinos
have already been fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles, and proverbs.
Simply put, they already have their own form of literature even before the
Spanish colonization. Unfortunately, when the Spaniards arrived in the
Philippines the Spanish missionary tried to obliterate the previous cultural
records, and so only the orally transmitted literature survived today
A
-read-
13
Q
And contrary to the mindset of their colonizers, Filipinos have a rich
collection of literature. From folk songs to epic tales, there is a number of
remarkable works that showcase the rich culture of the Philippines in the
pre-Spanish period. Moreover, it is not just the Tagalogs who have come up
with their contributions to Philippine Literature: from the Ilocanos to the
T’boli, every cultural group have their own stories to share.
A
-read-
14
Q
It was only natural that among the rich collection of oral and written
literature from the Pre-Spanish period of the Philippines were the myths,
traditional or legendary stories which featured one or more deities or demigods and explain some kind of practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature.
With the exception of Muslims, Filipinos during pre-colonial times believed
in a lot of different deities.
The Tagalogs, for instance, believe in the supreme deity called Bathala
being the creator of heaven and earth, and all living things. Under Bathala are
a pantheon of gods and goddesses. The good deities are divided into three
generations:
A
-read-
15
Q
the Tagalog god of the sea, he was originally the
god of hunters.
A
Amanikable
16
Q
the goddess of labor and good deeds
A
Idiyanale
17
Q
the goddess of fertility
A
Lakapati
18
Q
the god of seasons and husband of Lakapati
A
Mapulon
19
Q
the goddess of the moon and one of the three
daughters of Bathala by a mortal woman.
A
Mayari
20
Q
the goddess of the stars and sister of Mayari
A
Tala
21
Q
the goddess of the morning; sister of Mayari and Tala
A
Hanan
22
Q
The son of Idiyanale, he’s the strong and agile
guardian of the mountains
A
Dumakulem
23
Q
the goddess of wind and rain, she was the sister
of Dumakulem
A
Anitun tabu
24
Q
the goddess of lost things and wife of Dumakulem
A
Anagolay
25
the god of sun, he is the chief patron of warriors.
Apolaki
26
the goddess of love, conception and
childbirth. She’s the youngest of all deities.
Diyan masalanta
27
Other groups have their own pantheon of gods and goddesses. The
Visayans call their supreme god
Kaptan or captan
28
The Bikolanos believe in
their supreme god called
Gugurang
29
The myths revolve around these deities,
from creation stories to how certain being came into being. There were
various creation stories from various groups in the Philippines.
-read-
30
One of the famous creation myths in the Philippines was the story of
the origin of man, the story of Malakas (The Strong One) and Maganda (The
Beautiful One).
--read--
31
This refers to a long narrative poem which tells of heroic deeds or
events. It also edify religious tales, animal stories, or philosophical and moral
theories.
Epic
32
One of the epics that were able to survive with the help of oral
transmission was Biag ni Lam-Ang (Life of Lam-Ang). It was said to be a
composite work of various poets who passed it from generation to
generation, and was first transcribed around 1640 by a blind Ilocano bard
named Pedro Bucaneg
Biag ni lam ang
33
The Ilocano epic consists of 1477 lines and 206 stanzas (this is the Llanes
version of the epic; Leopoldo Yabes’s version consists of 305 stanzas)
revolved around the main character named Lam-ang, who was blessed with
the gift of speech the moment he was born. He grew up with supernatural
strength and has a pet cock and a dog
--read--
34
The epic was divided into four parts:
Prologue: The Birth of Lam-ang (line 5-108)
The Quest for the Father (lines 109-192): Lam-ang’s quest to find
the Igorots who murdered his father and seek revenge
The Quest for a Wife (line 455-1300): The story of Lam-ang and his
love interest Ines Cannoyan, as well as Lam-ang’s encounter with
Sumarang and Saridandan, and the wedding
Epilogue: The Death and Restoration of the Hero (lines 1301-
1477): tells the death and resurrection of Lam-ang.
35
This Ifugao epic follows the adventure of the hero Aliguyon, who
fought an epic battle with his arch-enemy Pumbakhayon. This epic is in the
form of a hudhud, which is a long tale that revolves around the heroes of
native Ifugao people, and is typically sung on special occasions. The story of
Aliguyon is traditionally sung at harvest time.
Aliguyon
36
This Visayan epic follows the adventures of Labaw Donggon, the son
of the goddess Alunsina and Datu Paubari, a mortal. His adventures include
slaying a giant with a hundred arms and facing the Lord of Darkness – all in
order to win various maidens.
Labaw donggon
37
This is a Manobo/Ilianon tale, which was divided into three parts. It
follows the adventures of a hero whose people had been driven out of their
land. They go on a journey to Nalandangan, a sort of utopia where there are
no oppressors.
The agyu
38
These are originated in traditional popular culture or have been
written in such style. They are one of the oldest forms of literature in the
Philippines, and have been an important part of the Filipino culture since the
ancient times.
Folk songs
39
They have a wide range of folk songs, for a variety of occasions.
Examples of these are Kundiman (love song), Diana (wedding song), Oyayi or
Hele (Lullaby), and Kumintang o Tagumpay (war song)
--read--
40
Noong unang panahon nung ako ay bata pa,
Natisod mo na ay di pa alintana,
Nang ako ay lumaki at maging dalaga,
Tila sa Wari ko’y may pagbabanta pa.
Pagsinta mo sa akin ay di ko tatanggapin
Pagka’t akong ito ay alangan sa tingin,
Ako ay mahirap, pangit pa sa tingin.
Kundiman
41
Umawit tayo at ipagdiwang
Ang dalawang pusong ngayon ay ikakasal
Ang daraanan nilang landas
Sabuyan natin ng bigas.
Diana
42
Ang nuno nating lahat
Sa kulog di nasisindak
Sa labanan di naaawat,
Pinupuhunang buhay, hirap,
Upang tayong mga anak,
Mabuhay ng mapanatag.
KUMINTANG O TAGUMPAY
43
Matulog ka na bunsos
Ang tatay mo ay malayo
Hindi nya tayo masundo
Pagkat ang daa’y maputik at mabalaho.
Oyayi/hele
44
This is a rhetorical device, a witty, ingenious, or pointed saying
that is tersely expressed. They are memorable, brief, interesting, and in the
Philippines, they served as laws or rules on good behavior by ancient
Filipinos. They are an expression of truths, ethics, and good morals.
Epigrams (Salawikain)
45
Ang tao nga tamaran
Waay isulod sa pinggan.
Ang patulog na tao
Sa kalan ito’y walang mailuto.
Kahit itago dahil apoy
Kikintab lalo.
Epigrams
46
This is a mystifying, misleading or puzzling question posed as a
problem to be solved or guessed. It is rhythmic and parable.
Riddle
47
These were a form of entertainment among Filipinos during PreSpanish period, and even until today. They do not just serve to amuse the
Filipinos.
Riddles
48
This also improves quick thinking, and it also helped in
broadening the vocabulary. It is usually done during special occasions, be it
harvest time or a funeral.
Riddles
49
The Philippines is under Spanish colonialism for three hundred years. The
literature made during the Spanish occupation were closely related to the
events of history in this particular period.
With the long duration of the Spanish occupation, there has been significant
influences in terms of the Philippine culture as seen in clothes, arts, music,
literature and attitude of both Filipinos and Spanish during that time. Some
of the big changes, affecting Philippine Literature while under the Spanish
rule are the following (Villafuerte, 2009):
1. The Roman alphabet became widely used over Alibata.
2. Doctrina Cristiana has become the foundation of all activities related to
religion
3. There are many Spanish words that were integrated into our own
language
4. The myths and traditions of Europe became a part of Philippine literature
-read-
50
One of the greatest contributions of the Spaniards to the Philippines is the
Roman Catholic religion and this objective inspired the creation of different
literature relating to religion.
-read-
51
This is the first religious book published in the Philippines on
July 15, 1593. The book was written by Fr. Domingo Nieva and Fr. Juan De
Palencia. Written in two languages, namely Spanish and Tagalog, this is also
the first book written in Alibata. The format was arranged with the Spanish
text on the left column and its translation in Tagalog on the right. It
resembles a prayer book with 87 pages and a size of 5” and 7”.
Doctrina christiana
52
The book contains the prayers and the regulations of Christianity. There are
only three original copies left and they are in various locations in the world.
One is in Vatican, the other in a museum in Madrid and the last copy in the
United States Congress.
The following are the contents of the book:
The Ten Commandments of the Lord
1. I am the LORD your God: you shall not have strange Gods before me.
2. You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain.
3. Remember to keep holy the LORD'S Day.
4. Honor your father and your mother.
5. You shall not kill.
6. You shall not commit adultery.
7. You shall not steal.
8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.
9. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife.
10. You shall not covet your neighbor's goods.
The Seven Mortal Sins
1. Greed
2. Envy
3. Gluttony
4. Lust
5. Anger
6. Pride
7. Sloth
Salve Regina (Hail Holy Queen)
Credo
Dios Te Salva Maria (Ave Maria)
Pater Noster (Our Father)
-read-
53
The second book published in the Philippines written by Father Blancas de
San Jose in 1602. This contains the biographies of various saints, novenas,
and some common questions and answers regarding the religion.
Nuestra senora del rosario
54
Father Antonio de Borja wrote the third book published in the country in
Tagalog, from the original work that was in Greek. This was deemed as the
first ever novel published in the Philippines. Barlaan at Josaphat was
translated to Iloko in poetry form by Fr. Agustin Mejia.
Barlaan at Josaphat
55
With the original title, Ang Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si Urbana at
si Feliza, this is one of the novels during the Spanish period. It was written by
Father Modesto de Castro who was from Laguna. The story revolves around
two sisters exchanging letters and telling each other stories about their lives,
as Urbana is in Manila and Feliza is in Bulacan. The young Feliza asks for
advice from her older sister residing in Manila, regarding proper conduct in
different situations.
Urbana lectures Feliza about their activities and responsibilities relating to
serving God in their every day life. Feliza, on the other hand, tells her sister
about Honesto, their youngest, and his behavior as a son, a kid, and as a religious person. Urbana also requests Feliza to teach Honesto about the
proper attitude in engaging in a conversation.
The characters’ names also portray their attitude. Urbana symbolizes
urbanization and the ideal attitude in forging human relationships. Feliza’s
name came from the Spanish word “feliz” or happiness which represents the
happiness which stems from goodness. Meanwhile, the name Honesto
implies sincerity and truthfulness of heart.
Urbana and feliza
56
Some of the important morals from Urbana are:
Do not impose superiority over other people through cruelty in hopes
to gain respect.
Exhibit compassion towards the poor
Success comes with a price
Avoid mocking other people
Remember to say a prayer of gratitude before leaving the house
57
Along with religious prose and poetry, secular literature is also at the
forefront of literature in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.
Poets who could write in both Spanish and Tagalog impart their knowledge
of the Spanish language through the use of literary works.
--read--
58
This is an example of an epic poem which tells the story of
Jesus Christ’s life, trials, and sufferings. This is usually sung during
Holy Week and its recitation is called Pabasa (Reading) which could
go on for a few days. Each stanza is composed of five lines with eight
syllables each. There are four known versions of pasyon: the one by
Don Luis Guian (1750), P. Mariano Pilapil (1814), P. Aniceto dela
Merced (1856) and Gaspar Aquino de Belen (1704
Pasyon
59
The first version
was de Belen’s, which was called Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong
Panginoon Natin na Tola (The poem of the passion of our Lord Jesus
Christ). On the other hand, the most famous Tagalog version is the
Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal ni Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na
Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa (The History of the
Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that Surely Shall Ignite the Heart of
Whosoever Readeth) also known as Pasyong Genesis by Mariano
Pilapil and is still printed in the present with the new title, Pasiong
Mahal.
--read--
60
narrative type of poem with 4 lines per stanza and
dodecasyllabic with 12 syllables per line and a pause after the sixth
syllable. The rhyming format is AAAA. One of the most famous works using this type of poetry is Florante at Laura by Francisco “Balagtas”
Baltazar.
Awit
61
Some of the famous religious songs during this period are the following
Pagpuri kay Mariang Birhen
Purihin natin si Maria
Bituing lagging dakila
Mag-alay tayo sa kanya
Bulaklak na masasanghaya
Halikayong mga binyagan
Halikayo kay Maria
Halikayo at ating alayan
Ng rosal at asusena
Ang mga bulaklak sa Mayo
sa kapatagan ng mga huwerta
dulot ay ganap na lugod
sa puso ni Maria
Narito na, kami ay narito
O Inang pinipintuho
Tanawin mo kami’t malasin
narito sa iyong harapan
Mga bulaklak na pumpon
aming dala-dala ngayon
dulot na aming alay at handog
sa mapamihag mong alindog
Sa pumpon ng mga bulaklak
kalakip ang aming mga puso
yaring aming pagmamahal
sa iyo ay itinatanghal
Tanggapin, O Ina tanggapin
tanggapin an gaming handog
at ang matamis mong paglingap
sana’y iyong ihayag.
Iligtas mo kami, O Maria
Sa pagiging gaham sa yaman
iligtas sa kasamaan
sa lahat ng kapahamakan.
Huwag mo Inang itulot
huwag mo, Mariang hayaan
ang iyong mga deboto
na malinlang ng mga demonyo
Kami’y hatiran ng tanglaw
sa ganitong kadiliman
nang kami’y di magalaw
sa landas ng kabanalan
Pasiglahin nang lubusan
yaring aming mga puso
upang aming makamtan
ang buhay kaluwalhatian
Sana’y iyong naibigan
Nawa’y pahalagahan
ang munti naming nakayanan
Itong mga Flores de Mayo
62
This is the traditional depiction of the events before and after
Jesus Christ was crucified. The story of this passion play was based on
the bible and is usually done on the streets or in churches.
Senakulo
63
This aims to entertain the bereaved family members after their
loss. This is usually done around 9 in the evening after the late
member of the family was laid to rest.
Duplo
64
a type of drama/play that tells a story full of adventures
and wars. The comedy is about the battle between the Spaniards and
the moros, who invaded Spain once. The story of the play is always the
same but the setting and the characters change from time to time. The
first moro-moro shown in the Philippines is the Guerras Piracticas de
Filipina by Fr. Jeronimo Perez on 1637. Another famous work is the
one called Comedia which was done in celebration of the sultan of
Sulu, Ali-Mundin’s transition to Christianity. This event spurred the
fame of moro-more in the land.
Moro moro
65
– a ritual pageant/procession held on the last day of
Flores de Mayo throughout the country. This religious/historical
pageant depicts the search for the Holy Cross of Queen Helena and her
son, Emperor Constantine.
Santacruzan
66
This is a shadow play using puppets made from cardboard. The
narrator hiding behind the screen stirs the story to life
Carillo
67
the Philippine version of a Mexican tradition. The term
translates to “looking for lodging,” usually done on Christmas Eve. In
this event, the images of Mary and Joseph from the church are brought
around town, accompanied by two singers. They would journey to
three or four houses, serving as inns, and sing to request for shelter.
The choir, playing the innkeepers, would refuse the two, declaring
that the inns are full. The panunuluyan ends when the images return
to the church, ensuing the celebration.
Panunuluyan
68
a comedy/melodrama, accompanied by music with 3 parts,
and mostly conveys the intense and passionate feelings of love,
revenge, jealousy and loathing.
Sarsuela
69
Works related to Language
Arte y Regalas de la Lengua Tagala – written by Fr. Blancas de San
Jose and translated into Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin on 1610.
Compendio de la Lengua Tagala – written by Fr. Gaspar de San
Agustin on 1703.
Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala – the first book on the Tagalog
vocabulary written by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura on 1613.
Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampango – the first language book on
Kapampangan, written by Fr. Diego Bergano on 1732.
Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya – dubbed the “best language book”
in Bisaya, written by Mateo Sanchez on 1711.
Arte de la Lengua Bicolana – the first language book in Bicol written
by Fr. Marcos Lisboa on 1754.
Arte de la Iloka – the very first book on Ilokano grammar written by
Francisco Lopez.
--read--
70
The Filipino propagandists during this era were known to possess the spirit
of nationalism, courage, intelligence, as most of them were born from
families who can afford to send their kids to renowned universities.
--read--
71
It is common knowledge that Jose Rizal has influenced people through his
literary works such as the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. With the
amount of recorded works of Rizal, he is considered a prolific writer as his
list of literary works stretches.
Some of the notable examples of his contributions to Philippine Literature
are the following:
Memories of My Town
When I recall the days
That saw my childhood of yore
Beside the verdant shore
Of a murmuring lagoon;
When I remember the sighs
Of the breeze that on my brow
Sweet and caressing did blow
With coolness full of delight;
When I look at the lily white
Fills up with air violent
And the stormy element
On the sand doth meekly sleep;
When sweet 'toxicating scent
From the flowers I inhale
Which at the dawn they exhale
When at us it begins to peep;
I sadly recall your face,
Oh precious infancy,
That a mother lovingly
Did succeed to embellish.
I remember a simple town;
My cradle, joy and boon,
Beside the cool lagoon
The seat of all my wish.
Oh, yes! With uncertain pace
I trod your forest lands,
And on your river banks
A pleasant fun I found;
At your rustic temple I prayed
With a little boy's simple faith
And your aura's flawless breath
Filled my heart with joy profound.
Saw I God in the grandeur
Of your woods which for centuries stand;
Never did I understand
In your bosom what sorrows were;
While I gazed on your azure sky
Neither love nor tenderness
Failed me, 'cause my happiness
In the heart of nature rests there.
Tender childhood, beautiful town,
Rich fountain of happiness,
Of harmonious melodies,
That drive away my sorrow!
Return thee to my heart,
Bring back my gentle hours
As do the birds when the flow'rs
Would again begin to blow!
But, alas, adieu! E'er watch
For your peace, joy and repose,
Genius of good who kindly dispose
Of his blessings with amour;
It's for thee my fervent pray'rs,
It's for thee my constant desire
Knowledge ever to acquire
And may God keep your candour!
Kundiman
Truly hushed today
Are my tongue and heart
Harm is discerned by love
And joy flies away,
'Cause the Country was
Vanquished and did yield
Through the negligence
Of the one who led.
But the sun will return to dawn;
In spite of everything
Subdued people
Will be liberated;
The Filipino name
Will return perhaps
And again become
In vogue in the world.
We shall shed
Blood and it shall flood
Only to emancipate
The native land;
While the designated time
Does not come,
Love will rest
And anxiety will sleep
--read--
72
Rizal’s works have mostly been written in Spanish, as this is the lingua franca
in the country during the Spanish colonialism. However, some were in
Tagalog. These works are the following:
Novels and essays
Noli Me Tángere, novel, 1887 (literally Spanish for 'touch me not',
from John 20:17)
El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tángere
Alin Mang Lahi" ("Whate'er the Race"), a Kundiman attributed to Dr.
José Rizal
The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)
Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at
Restaurante Ingles, Madrid
The Diaries of José Rizal
Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his family
members, Blumentritt, Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers
"Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands)
Filipinas dentro de cien años essay, 1889–90 (The Philippines a Century
Hence)
La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)
Makamisa unfinished novel
Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young Women
of Malolos
Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
(essay, 1889, Events in the Philippine Islands)
Readings and writing
73
Poetry
A La Juventud Filipina
El Canto Del Viajero
Briayle Crismarl
Canto Del Viajero
Canto de María Clara
Dalit sa Paggawa
Felicitación
Kundiman (Tagalog)
Me Piden Versos
Mi primera inspiracion
Mi Retiro
Mi Ultimo Adiós
Por La Educación (Recibe Lustre La Patria)
Sa Sanggol na si Jesus
To My Muse (A Mi Musa)
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo
A Man in Dapitan
Poetry
74
El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods)
Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)
San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)
Plays
75
Dubbed as the Great Propagandist, Marcelo H. Del Pilar is one of the notable
people during the Spanish imperialism. He was popularly known as Plaridel,
the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad.
While Rizal was known to be well-versed in Spanish, Del Pilar was a master
in the use of his native language, Tagalog. He aroused awareness in the
Filipino people about the discrimination, bigotry and hypocrisy under the
rule of Spanish tyrants. He founded the newspaper called Diariong Tagalog in
1882, aiming to spread the “democratic liberal ideas” to farmers and
peasants.
He took over as editor of La Solidaridad in December 1889. One of his
strategies is promoting the objectives of the paper to Spaniards
Marcelo H. Del pilar
76
Dasalan at Tocsohan by Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Ang Tanda
Ang tanda ang cara-e-cruz mo sa aming Panginoon naming Frayle sa manga
ama namin, sa ngalan nang cara-e-cruz at sa mga frayle nang Espiritu santo
sya naua.
Pagsisisi
Panginoon kong Fraile, Dios na hindi totoo at labis nang pagkatuo gumaga at
sumalakay sa akin: pinagsisihan kong masakit sa tanang loobang dilang pagasa ko sa iyo, ikaw nga ang dugo ko. Panginoon ko at kaauay ko na inihihibik
kong lalo sa lahat, nagtitika akong matibay na matibay na dina muli-muling
mabubuyo sa iyo: at lalayuan ko na at pangingilagan ang balanang
makababacla nang loob ko sa pag-asa sa iyo, macalilibat nang dating sakit
nang manga bulsa ko, at nagtitika naman acong maglalathala nang dilang
pagcadaya ko umaasa akong babambuhin ka rin, alang-alang sa mahal na
panyion at pangangalakal mo nang Cruz, sa pag-ulol sa akin. Siya naua.
Ang Amain Namin
Amain naming sumasakumbento ka, sumpain ang ngalan mo, malayo sa amin
ang kasakiman mo, kitlin ang leeg mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulian
mo kami ngayon nang aming kaning iyon inaraw-araw at patawanin mo kami
sa iyong pag-ungal para nang pag papatawa mo kung kami nakukuwaltahan;
at huwag mo kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadya mo kami sa
masama mong dila.
Ang Aba Ginoong Barya
Aba ginoong Barya nakapupuno ka nang alkansya ang Fraile’I sumasainyo
bukod ka niyang pinagpala’t pina higit sa lahat, pinagpala naman ang kaban
mong mapasok. Santa Barya Ina nang Deretsos, ipanalangin mo kaming
huwag anitan ngayon at kami ipapatay. Siya naua...
Ang Aba Po Santa Baria
Aba po Santa Bariang Hari, inagao nang Fraile, ikao ang kabuhayan at
katamisan. Aba bunga nang aming pauis, ikaw ang pinagpaguran naming
pinapanaw na tauong Anac ni Eva, ikaw nga ang ipinagbubuntong hininga
namin sa aming pagtangis dito sa bayang pinakahapishapis. Ay aba
pinakahanaphanap namin para sa aming manga anak, ilingon mo sa amin ang
cara- i –cruz mo man lamang at saka bago matapos ang pagpanaw mo sa
amin ay iparinig mo sa amin ang iyong kalasing Santa Baria ina nang
deretsos, malakas at maalam, matunog na guinto kami ipanalangin mong
huag magpatuloy sa aming ang manga banta nang Fraile. Amen.
Ang Mga Utos ng Prayle (Ang Sampung Utos ng Prayle)
Sa makabagong pagbabaybay:
Ang mga utos nang Prayle ay sampu:
Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Prayle na lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalaua: Huwag kang magpapahamak o manuba ng ngalang deretsos.
Ang ikatlo: Manalangin ka sa Prayle Linggo man at piyesta.
Ang ikapat: Isanla mo ang katauhan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama't ina,
Ang ikalima: Huwag kang mamamatay kung wala pang salaping panlibing.
Ang ikanim: Huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa.
Ang ikapito: Huwag kang makinakaw.
Ang ikaualo: Huwag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.
Ang ikasiyam: Huwag mong ipagkait ang iyong asawa.
Ang ikapulo: Huwag mong itangi ang iyong ari.
Itong sampong utos ng Prayle'y dalawa ang kinauuwian.
Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Prayle lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalawa: Ihain mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo't kayamanan.
Siya nawa.
Ang mga kabuhungang asal, ang pangala'y tontogales ay tatlo.
Igalang mo …
Katakutan mo… Ang Prayle
At pagmanuhan mo ….
Sa orihinal na pagbabaybay:
Ang manga utos nang Fraile ay sampo:
Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalaua: Huag kang mag papahamak manuba nang ngalang deretsos.
Ang ikatlo: Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at fiesta.
Ang ikapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina,
Ang ikalima: Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing.
Ang ikanim: Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang asaua.
Ang ikapito: Huag kang makinakaw.
Ang ikaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.
Ang ikasiyam: Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong asaua.
Ang ikapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari.
Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang kinaoouian.
Ang isa: Sambahin mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan. Siya naua.
Ang manga kabohongang asal, ang pangala’i tontogales ay tatlo.
Igalang mo
Katakutan mo... Ang Fraile
At Pag Manuhan mo ….
--read--
77
Graciano Lopez-Jaena was hailed as a great genius in the country. Jaena was
one of the most prominent staff members of the Spanish newspaper, Los Dos
Mundos, where his written works are known to invoke and inspire his fellow
Filipinos. With his dream to become a physician, he has come to meet a lot of
people from his community in Iloilo from which he learned of the common
injustices.
One of his most prominent works is the short novel, Fray Botod, written
when he was 18, which is about a priest who used religion to commit
oppression, instead of being a role model to the Filipinos. He highlighted the
bad deeds committed while the man was in power, such as gambling,
showering students with threats, unfair treatment of workers and others.
The Spaniards, especially the friars, were incensed upon reading this notable
work while an inspiration to the Propaganda movement.
Graciano lopez jaena
78
a novel that dwells on the
arrogance of the friars. This revealed the dire consequences tied to the
marriage between the Spanish and Filipinos.
La Hija Del Fraile (Ang Anak ng Prayle)
79
– a speech that
honors the efforts and achievements of Juan Luna, Felix Ressureccion
Hidalgo, and Joaquin Pardo de Tavera on the Paris exposition held on
May 6, 1889.
En Honor de los Filipinas (Ang Dangal ng Pilipinas) –
80
this piece expresses Jaena’s objections to
the rules and regulations set by the reigning country as well as the
unjust education system in the Philippines
Mga Kahirapan sa Pilipinas
81
an article about a Filipina who boasted
about her future as a countess because she thinks she’ll marry a count
from a rich Spanish family in Madrid. She eventually learns that the
man’s father was a measly shoemaker
Ang Lahat ay Pandaraya
82
The republic is coming
I will say with Christ: Estote parati in qua hora non putatis, filius hominis
veniet. Be prepared, because when you least expect it, the Son of Man will
come.Republicans! Be prepared because when you least expect it, the Republic will
come.
The day of victory is approaching. These disasters that we see occurring
everywhere, immorality enthroned in central and municipal spheres
proclaim the downfall of the present state of things.
Puppets have no place in Spain. There mission was to conserve, but the
conservative period is over; the vital cells are decrepit and death will not be
long in coming.
It is agonizing!
Vile tricks, lies, malversations, the irregularities and vices of past
administrations are exposed equally in Cuba, the Philippines, in the busy
sectors of Tibidabo and Montserrat, in the snow cap peak of Sierra Monera,
as well as in the regions washed by rachitic Manzanares and the heights of
Moncayo: all these are the precursor of the death of the present
administration.
Just as upon the coming of the Messiah in Jerusalem, everything was iniquity
and sin, as the present time in this Jerusalem washed by
the Mediterranean and the Cantabrian, everything is evil and inconsistency,
confusion and disorder reigning within her borders.
In Messianic times there was Tiberious, the Roman emperor incompetent
and of no account; under the present circumstances the institutions are
vacilliating and weak; at that time Herod had no control of the government
and was devoid of common sense; today Sagasta is impotent; made uneasy
by his own followers and by those who are not; he has his Pilate in Cánovas,
who is ruining him.
Everything sees to be conspiring in favour of the Republic.
Get ready, Republicans, to receive and greet the new era which is going to
regenerate us.
Prepare your…throats, Spaniards, and let us trust in the future.
In the meantime, let us shout bravely:
Long live the Republic!
*An article published in El Pueblo Soberano, Barcelona, 1889
-read-
83
Known for his pen name, Taga-ilog, Luna was known for his works criticizing
the rule of the government and the church. His exceptional knowledge and
skills in military landed him the job as the general.
Antonio luna
84
a story about the tradition of Christmas in the
Philippines, written to entertain and amuse the people from Madrid.
Noche buena
85
published when he was writing for La
Solidaridad that tells the story of a teacher and the flaws of the
education system for women.
La Maestra de mi Pueblo -
86
Luna as a student, has
been fairly interested in athletics, music and literature. This is a
collection of love poems, written for the female students of La
Concordia.
Las Estrellas de mi Cielo (The Stars of My Sky)
87
“a satirical observation of Spanish customs and
idiosyncrasies” that Luna published on La Solidaridad when he was a
student in Europe. The work drew the ire of Spaniards but Luna’s
courage of standing up to them initiated the respect for indios.
Impressiones
88
Known under the names, Tikbalang, Nanding and Kalipulako, Ponce is
another ally of propagandists seeking for Philippine reforms. He was a
regular contributor to the La Solidaridad, as co-founder, with his topics
varying from history, politics, sociology to travel.
Some of his famous works are the following:
Mga Alamat ng Bulacan – hailing from Baliwag, Bulacan, Ponce wrote
legends and folklores from his town.
Pagpugot kay Longino – a Tagalog play performed on a plaza in
Malolos.
Sobre Filipinas – contains idealism for the the freedom of the country
Mariano ponce
89
Panganiban wrote under his penname, Jomapa. He is known for possessing
photographic memory.
Some of his written works are the following:
A Nuestro Obispo – a poem he submitted when he was in elementary
Noche de Mambulao (Gabi ng Mambulao) - poem
Ang Lupang Tinubuan - poem
Sa Aking Buhay - poem
El Pensamiento – La Solidaridad, March 1889
La Universidad de Manila
Su Plan de Estudio
Los Nuevos ay untamiento de Filipinas
Jose maria panganiban
90
A poet, a novelist and a screenplay writer. Paterno was one of the first
Filipino writers to break free from the strict rules imposed on literature
during the Propaganda movement.
His most famous works are the following:
Ninay – the first novel written in Spanish by a Filipino. The story
revolves around the life of Ninay who died of cholera. Before she died,
Ninay’s misfortune became evident when she was separated from her lover, Carlos Mabagsik. This was composed of ten chapters: one for
the introduction and the rest is the pasiyam for Ninay’s soul.
Sampaguita y Poesias Varias – a collection of poems published on
Europe in the year 1880.
A Mi Madre (For My Mother) – a poem conveying the pain and sorrow
of losing a mother.
Dr. Pedro paterno
91
The collective outrage of Filipinos for Spaniards became evident during the
time of revolution. When freedom was not achieved through the peaceful
means of literature used by the propagandists, the revolutionaries made use
of weapons.
Their works oozed with persuasion and encouragement for Filipinos to stand
up against the oppressive colonizers in order to achieve the freedom they are
craving for.
-read-
92
Bonifacio established the Katipunan. This young man from Tondo, Manila,
grew up as the eldest son of a poor family. At an early age, he was forced to
take various jobs to keep his siblings in school.
Despite his situation, Bonifacio persevered to extend his knowledge about
the world. Literature inspired him to form a revolt against the Spanish rule.
He read Rizal’s famous works, the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as
well as the book on the Revolution of France.
Some of Bonifacio’s notable works are the following:
Decalogo ng Katipunan – Bonifacio wrote the orders for the members
of the Katipunan. However, he had to set aside this copy to give way
for Jacinto’s Kartilya ng Katipunan.
Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas – the words of the poem exude the hate
and threats Bonifacio holds for the colonizers.
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa – a complete opposite of the previous
poem, this one conveys Bonifacio’s love for his country and his
willingness to die to fight for freedom.
Andres bonifacio
93
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
ni Andres Bonifacio
Aling pag-ibig pa ang hihigit kaya
sa pagka-dalisay at pagka-dakila
gaya ng pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa?
Alin pag-ibig pa? Wala na nga, wala.
Ulit-ulitin mang basahin ng isip
at isa-isahing talastasing pilit
ang salita’t buhay na limbag at titik
ng isang katauhan ito’y namamasid.
Banal na pag-ibig pag ikaw ang nukal
sa tapat na puso ng sino’t alinman,
imbit taong gubat, maralita’t mangmang
nagiging dakila at iginagalang.
Pagpuring lubos ang nagiging hangad
sa bayan ng taong may dangal na ingat,
umawit, tumula, kumatha’t sumulat,
kalakhan din nila’y isinisiwalat.
Walang mahalagang hindi inihandog
ng pusong mahal sa Bayang nagkupkop,
dugo, yaman, dunong, tiisa’t pagod,
buhay ma’y abuting magkalagot-lagot.
Bakit? Ano itong sakdal nang laki
na hinahandugan ng buong pag kasi
na sa lalong mahal kapangyayari
at ginugugulan ng buhay na iwi.
Ay! Ito’y ang Inang Bayang tinubuan,
siya’y ina’t tangi na kinamulatan
ng kawili-wiling liwanag ng araw
na nagbibigay init sa lunong katawan.
Sa kanya’y utang ang unang pagtanggol
ng simoy ng hanging nagbigay lunas,
sa inis na puso na sisinghap-singhap,
--read
94
Jacinto wrote under the name Dimas-Ilaw and Pingkian. He was known as the
“Utak ng Katipunan,” and was editor of the Katipunan’s publication, Ang
Kalayaan. He is also the youngest among the members of the Katipunan.
He wrote the following works:
Ang Liwanag at Dilim – this became the code of revolution. Some of
the essays included in this are Ningning at ang Liwanag, Ako’y
Umaasa, Kalayaan, Ang Tao’y Magkapantay, Ang Pag-Ibig, Ang
Gumawa, Maling Pananampalataya.
Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan – this is the kartilya
that contains the orders and regulations of the members of Katipunan
Emilio jacinto
95
Mabini used the penname Katabay in writing about politics, the government
and philosophy. He is popularly remembered as the Utak ng Himagsikan and
the Dakilang Lumpo.
Some of his most famous works are the following (Villafuerte, et.al., 2009):
Programa Constitutional dele Republica Filipinas – this contains the
intentions for the government and education system in the country.
El Desarollo Caida Dela Republica Filipina – this explains the rise and
fall in the republic of the Philippines.
El Simil de Alejandro – this opposes the American government and
emphasizes the importance of human rights. This was published on El
Liberal.
El Verdadero Decalogo – written on May 1898, this piece describes the
model nationalistic Filipino. This contains moral rules for the
improvement of society.
Apolinario mabini
