Week 1: Introduction to Research

Question 1

ENUMERATION:

What are the Gateway to Psychological Discovery?

Answer 1

• Learn how psychologists know
what they know
• Understand the foundation of all
areas in psychology

Question 2

ENUMERATION:

What are the characteristics of Beyond Being A Researcher?

Answer 2

• Essential for critical thinking and
scientific literacy
• Improves performance in other
psychology courses
• Boosts grad school admissions and
career prospects

Question 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

These are the characteristics of **RESEARCH METHODS = RESEARCH
MINDSET EXCEPT:

a. Develops skills in data analysis,
scientific writing, and reasoning

b. Essential for critical thinking and
scientific literacy

c. Prepares you to evaluate
psychological claims and conduct
your own studies

d. Cultivates the curiosity and rigor of
a psychological scientist.

Answer 2

b. Essential for critical thinking and scientific literacy

Question 3

ENUMERATION:

What are the Three Ways of Knowing?

Answer 3

• Authority
• Reason (A Priori Knowledge)
• Empiricism (Central to Scientific Method)

Question 4

IDENTIFICATION: Three Ways of Knowing

Knowledge accepted from experts
or credible sources

Answer 4

Authority

Question 5

ENUMERATION: Three Ways of Knowing

What are the examples of Authority?

Answer 5

• professors
• peer-reviewed journals
• institutional guidelines

Question 6

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are Relevance in Research of Authority EXCEPT:

a. Foundation of the scientific
method

b. Ethical standards often rely on
authority (e.g. APA guidelines)

c. Starting point for hypothesis
formation (literature review)

Answer 6

a. Foundation of the scientific
method

Question 7

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are the Limitations of Authority EXCEPT:

a. Experts can disagree or wrong

b. May perpetuate outdated or biased views if unchallenged

c. Subject to cognitive biases (e.g. confirmation bias, availability
heuristic).

Answer 7

c. Subject to cognitive biases (e.g. confirmation bias, availability
heuristic).

Question 8

IDENTIFICATION: Three Ways of Knowing

Logical deduction from existing
beliefs or assumptions.

Answer 8

Reason (A Priori Knowledge)

Question 9

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are Relevance in Research of Reason EXCEPT:

a. Foundation of the scientific
method

b. Useful in building theoretical
frameworks

c. Helps formulate hypotheses based
on prior knowledge.

Answer 9

a. Foundation of the scientific method

Question 10

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are the Limitations of Reason EXCEPT:

a. Logic alone can’t test truth without
empirical data.

b. Premises may be flawed or
unverified

c. Interpretations can be flawed
without proper controls.

Answer 10

c. Interpretations can be flawed
without proper controls.

Question 11

IDENTIFICATION: Three Ways of Knowing

Knowledge through observation,
measurement, and experience.

Answer 11

Empiricism

Question 12

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are Relevance in Research of Empiricism EXCEPT:

a. Foundation of the scientific
method.

b. Useful in building theoretical
frameworks

c. Used in experiments, fieldwork,
and data analysis

Answer 12

b. Useful in building theoretical
frameworks

Question 13

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Three Ways of Knowing

All of these are the Limitations of Empiricism EXCEPT:

a. Subject to cognitive biases (e.g. confirmation bias, availability
heuristic)

b. Interpretations can be flawed
without proper controls

c. Experts can disagree or wrong

Answer 13

c. Experts can disagree or wrong

Question 14

IDENTIFICATION

He identified Science as the most reliable way of developing beliefs.

Answer 14

Charles Peirce

Question 15

TRUE OR FALSE:

Science helps us know “real
things”, whose characters are “independent of our opinions.”

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

IDENTIFICATION:

Pierce believed the strength of
science lies in its _________ - freedom from bias and preconception.

Answer 16

Objectivity

Question 17

ENUMERATION:

Perfect objectivity is impossible in Science because of two reasons. What are those?

Answer 17

• Scientists are still human
• They can rely on authority,
reasoning (a priori), and personal experiences

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE: Scientists and Bias

Even in science, biases can influence
thinking

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

TRUE OR FALSE: Scientists and Bias

Scientists does not cling to outdated theories or methods.

Answer 19

FALSE; they may cling to those

Question 20

IDENTIFICATION: Scientists and Bias

Holding onto a theory can be productive - it ensures deeper testing and evaluation

Answer 20

Thomas Kuhn’s view

Question 20

IDENTIFICATION: Scientists and Bias

Scientists over 60 “oppose all new doctrines.”

Answer 20

Darwin’s humor

Question 21

IDENTIFICATION:

What is the distinct traits of Science?

Answer 21

Guided by logic and empirical evidence

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE:

Although science may borrow from other ways of knowing, it has distinct traits

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

**ENUMERATION:** What are the **uses** of Science?

Answer 23

* Inductive Reasoning * Deductive Reasoning

Question 24

**ENUMERATION:** Science **encourages:**

Answer 24

* Skepticism * Critical thinking * Replication

Question 25

**IDENTIFICATION:** observations - > theory

Answer 25

Inductive Reasoning

Question 26

**IDENTIFICATION:** theory - > hypothesis

Answer 26

Deductive Reasoning

Question 27

**ENUMERATION:** What are the **4 Goals of Research in Psychology?**

Answer 27

* Describe * Predict * Apply * Explain

Question 28

**IDENTIFICATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** To accurately observe and identify behavioral patterns and environmental factors

Answer 28

**Goal #1:** Describe

Question 29

**ENUMERATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** What are the **types of research** in Describe?

Answer 29

* Observational studies * Surveys and questionnaires

Question 30

**TRUE OR FALSE: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** Without clear descriptions, predictions and explanations are **impossible**

Answer 30

TRUE

Question 31

**IDENTIFICATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** To **identify patterns** that allow future behavior to be anticipated.

Answer 31

**Goal #2:** Predict

Question 32

**ENUMERATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** What the **uses** of Predict in research?

Answer 32

* **Strong correlations** (e.g. SAT scores predict GPA) * Uses regression and statistical models

Question 32

**TRUE OR FALSE: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** Predicting behavior helps in planning interventions or anticipating outcomes.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

**IDENTIFICATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** To understand the **cause of behavior** - why it happens.

Answer 33

**Goal #3:** Explain

Question 34

**ENUMERATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** What are the **conditions for causality** in Explain?

Answer 34

* X is systematically varied * Other variables are controlled * Y reliably follows changes in X

Question 35

**ENUMERATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** What are the **tools** in Explain?

Answer 35

* Experimental research * Theory-based analysis

Question 36

**TRUE OR FALSE: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** Causality is **simple** and **must be supported** by theory, logic, and replication

Answer 36

**FALSE;** causality is complex

Question 37

**IDENTIFICATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** To **use psychological knowledge** to improve lives

Answer 37

**Goal #4:** Apply

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** Geroge Miller (1969) "Give psychology away... **to the people who really need it.”**

Answer 38

**Goal #4:** Apply

Question 39

**TRUE OR FALSE: GOALS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY** Research aimed at both understanding behavior and applying findings for public findings for public good

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** If a monkey wins a fight, it’s unlikely to be challenged again soon

Answer 40

**Goal #2** – Predict

Question 41

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** Aggression studies inform parenting strategies

Answer 41

**Goal #4** – Apply

Question 42

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** Describing aggressive behavior in primates

Answer 42

**Goal #1:** Describe

Question 43

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** Experimental research

Answer 43

**Goal #3** – Explain

Question 44

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** Future behavior becomes predictable based on past interactions.

Answer 44

**Goal #2** – Predict

Question 45

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right goal based on various situation** Depression research helps improve therapy

Answer 45

**Goal #4** – Apply

Question 46

Theory-based analysis