Week 3: Ethics in Psychological Research

Question 1

IDENTIFICATION: Five General Principles of APA Ethics Code

establishes the principle that psychologist must constantly weigh the benefits and the costs of the research they conduct and seek to achieve the greatest good in research with little harm done to others.

Answer 1

Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

Question 2

IDENTIFICATION: Five General Principles of APA Ethics Code

obligates researchers to be constantly aware if their responsibility to society and reminds them always to exemplify the highest standards of professional behavior in their role as researchers.

Answer 2

Fidelity and Responsibility

Question 3

IDENTIFICATION: Five General Principles of APA Ethics Code

compels researchers to be scrupulously honest in all aspects of the research enterprise.

Answer 3

Integrity

Question 4

IDENTIFICATION: Five General Principles of APA Ethics Code

obligates researchers to treat everyone involved in the research enterprise with fairness and to maintain a level of enterprise that reduces the chances of their work showing any form of bias.

Answer 4

Justice

Question 5

IDENTIFICATION: Five General Principles of APA Ethics Code

translates into a special need for research psychologist to be vigorous in their efforts to safeguard confidentiality and protect the rights of those volunteering as research participants

Answer 5

Respect for People’s Right and Dignity

Question 6

IDENTIFICATION:

What year did the ethics code for research participants created?

Answer 6

1960s

Question 7

IDENTIFICATION:

What year did the research-specific ethics code published

Answer 7

1973

Question 8

ENUMERATION:

What are the key standards for Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans?

Answer 8

• Weigh benefits vs costs
• Obtain informed consent
• Treat Participants ethically during and after study

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE:

All research places some burden on
participants

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE:

Researchers must balance the factors (benefit & cost) responsibly.

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

ENUMERATION:

What is the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

Answer 11

• Reviews research proposals to safeguard participants.
• Required for any institution receiving federal research funds

Question 12

IDENTIFICATION:

What is the composition of Institutional Review
Board (IRB)?

Answer 12

• At least 5 members (scientist,
  nonscientist, community member)

Question 13

ENUMERATION: IRB Review Process

Researcher submits proposal including:

Answer 13

• Study rationale and procedures
• Risk assessment and mitigation strategies
• Informed consent documents

Question 14

ENUMERATION: IRB Review Process

What are the three levels of review?

Answer 14

• Exempt
• Expedited
• Full Review

Question 15

IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right three levels of review

Minimal/No Risk

Answer 15

Exempt

Question 16

IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right three levels of review

Minimal Risk, Minor Procedures

Answer 16

Expedited

Question 17

IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right three levels of review
Greater than Minimal Risk

Answer 17

Full Review

Question 18

ENUMERATION:

Give the 7 Ethical Responsibilities toward participants

Answer 18

1. Fair and Respectful Treatment
2. Managing Risk
3. Debriefing Participants
4. Delaying Full Disclosure
5. Participant Crosstalk
6. Privacy and Confidentiality
7. Benefits of Good Debriefing

Question 19

IDENTIFICATION:

Revealing the true purpose and
any deception used

Answer 19

Dehoaxing

Question 20

IDENTIFICATION:

Alleviate stress or negative emotions experienced during the study

Answer 20

Deesentisizing

Question 21

TRUE OR FALSE:

Delaying full disclosure is allowed when necessary to preserve the study’s integrity, with steps taken to reduce any potential harm.

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

TRUE OR FALSE:

Efforts should be made to maximize participants sharing study details with future participants.

Answer 22

FALSE; minimize participants

Question 23

TRUE OR FALSE:

Personal data must be protected and identities kept confidential.

Answer 23

TRUE

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE:

Participants should be informed of any legal limits to confidentiality.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

**ENUMERATION:** What are the **benefits** of good debriefing?

Answer 25

* **Enhances** participant satisfaction and educational value * Helps researchers **improve** future studies

Question 26

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Animal research accounts **for only 10%** of psychological research (Gallup & Suarez, 1985).

Answer 26

**FALSE;** for only about **7-9%**

Question 27

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Most studies use rats and mice, few use dogs, cats, or primates.

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 27

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Animal studies have **contributed significantly** to human welfare (Domjam & Purdue, 1995).

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

**ENUMERATION:** What are **three reasons** on why we use animals on research?

Answer 28

* Control * Efficiency * Ethical Consideration

Question 29

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right reason of Why Use Animals based on the given definition** Environmental, genetic, and developmental histories can be managed.

Answer 29

Control

Question 30

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right reason of Why Use Animals based on the given definition** Shorter life spans allow quicker generational studies

Answer 30

Efficiency

Question 31

**IDENTIFICATION: Determine the right reason of Why Use Animals based on the given definition** Some procedures not permissible with humans can be done with animals under strict safeguards

Answer 31

Ethical Considerations

Question 32

**IDENTIFICATION:** Paramount for the advancement of knowledge.

Answer 32

Scientific Integrity

Question 33

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Psychologist, like all scientists, are expected to be scrupulously honest in all research activities.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

**IDENTIFICATION:** emphasizes accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in science, teaching, and practice.

Answer 34

APA Ethics Code, Principle C (Integrity)

Question 35

**IDENTIFICATION:** **Deliberate deception** to secure unfair or unlawful gain

Answer 35

Fraud

Question 36

**ENUMERATION:** What are the **two major types** of serious misconduct?

Answer 36

* Plagiarism * Falsifying Data

Question 37

**IDENTIFICATION:** presenting someone else’s ideas or work as your own

Answer 37

Plagiarism

Question 38

**IDENTIFICATION:** Dishonesty in collecting, managing, or reporting data.

Answer 38

Falsifying Data

Question 39

**IDENTIFICATION:** **Foundation** of the scientific enterprise.

Answer 39

Data

Question 40

**IDENTIFICATION:** A **mortal sin** in science

Answer 40

Data Falsification

Question 41

**ENUMERATION:** What do we mean by data falsification?

Answer 41

* Fabricating data sets **without** actual collection * Manufacturing some data to complete a partial dataset. * Altering existing data to achieve a desired outcome.