Week 1 monday: Intro

Question 1

Lemurs are primates that

Answer 1

have ancestors who floated to Madagascar about 60million years ago and diversified in a world relatively free of predators and competitors and with many different habitats.

Question 2

biology is the scientific study of ____

Answer 2

life

Question 3

properties of life include (7 categories)

Answer 3

order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

Question 4

order

Answer 4

the highly ordered structure that typifies life

Question 5

reproduction

Answer 5

the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind

Question 6

growth and development

Answer 6

consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA

Question 7

energy processing

Answer 7

the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions

Question 8

response to the environment

Answer 8

the ability to respond to environmental stimuli

Question 9

regulation

Answer 9

the ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life

Question 10

evolutionary adaptation

Answer 10

adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring

Question 11

all forms of life share ___ ___

Answer 11

common properties

Question 12

in life’s hierarchy of organization new ____ ___ at each level

Answer 12

properties emerge

Question 13

biological organization unfolds as (11 levels BECPOOOTCOM)

Answer 13

biosphere, ecosystem, community, populations, organism, organ system, organ, tissues, cells, organelle, molecule

Question 14

biosphere

Answer 14

all of the environments on earth that support life

Question 15

ecosystem

Answer 15

all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact

Question 16

community

Answer 16

the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem

Question 17

population

Answer 17

all the individuals of a species living in a specific area

Question 18

organism

Answer 18

an individual living thing

Question 19

organ system

Answer 19

several organs that cooperate in a specific function

Question 20

organ

Answer 20

a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism

Question 21

tissues

Answer 21

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Question 22

cells

Answer 22

the fundamental unit of life

Question 23

organelle

Answer 23

a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell

Question 24

molecule

Answer 24

a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

Question 25

new properties are (2 parts)

Answer 25

a)new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life. b)from the arrangement and interactions among component parts

Question 26

what are the structural and functional units of life?

Answer 26

cells

Question 27

a cell can (5 things)

Answer 27

regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy, respond to its environment, development and maintain its complex organization, and give rise to new cells

Question 28

all cells (2 parts)

Answer 28

a)are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings. b)use DNA as their genetic information

Question 29

what are the two basic types of cells?

Answer 29

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Question 30

what are prokaryotic cells?

Answer 30

they were the first to evolve, are simpler, and are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells

Question 31

what are eukaryotic cells?

Answer 31

contains membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus containing DNA and are found in plants animals and fungi

Question 32

system biology models the complex interactions of biological systems ranging from (2 parts)

Answer 32

a)from the functioning of the biosphere. b)to the complex molecular machinery of a cell

Question 33

cells illustrate what other theme in biology?

Answer 33

the correlation of structure and function

Question 34

structure is related to ___ at all levels of biological organization?

Answer 34

function

Question 35

living organisms interact with their environment exchanging ___ and ___?

Answer 35

matter and energy

Question 36

living organisms interact with their environment which include (2 parts)

Answer 36

other organisms and physical factors

Question 37

in most ecosystems plants are the ___ that provide the food

Answer 37

producers

Question 38

___ eat plants and other animals

Answer 38

consumers

Question 39

___ act as recyclers, changing

Answer 39

decomposers

Question 40

the dynamics of the ecosystems include two major processes

Answer 40

a)the recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers and decomposers back to the environment. b)the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem entering as sunlight converted to chemical energy by producers passed on to consumer and exiting as heat.

Question 41

the unity of life is based on ___ and a common ___ ____.

Answer 41

DNA and a common genetic code

Question 42

genes (3 parts)

Answer 42

a)are the unit of inheritance that transmits information from parents to offspring. b)are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes. c)control the activities of a cell.

Question 43

a species of genes are coded in the sequences of the # building blocks making up DNA's double helix

Answer 43

4

Question 44

all forms of life use essentially the same ___ to translate the information stored in ___ into proteins

Answer 44

code, DNA

Question 45

the ___ of life arises from differences in DNA sequences

Answer 45

diversity

Question 46

the diversity in life can be arranged into 3 domains

Answer 46

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 47

we think of biology's enormous scope as having two dimensions

Answer 47

a)the vertical dimension is the size scale that stretches from molecules to the biosphere. b)the horizontal dimension spans across the great diversity of organisms existing now and over the long history of life on earth

Question 48

diversity is the hallmark of life: biologists have identified about # species and the estimates of the actual number of species ranges from #-#

Answer 48

1.8 million species, 10-100 million of species

Question 49

taxonomy names __ and classifies them into a system of broader groups

Answer 49

species

Question 50

bacteria are the most diverse and widespread

Answer 50

prokaryotes

Question 51

archaea are __ that often live in earth's __ environment

Answer 51

prokaryotes, extreme

Question 52

eukarya have __ cells and include single-celled __ and ___ fungi, animals and plants

Answer 52

eukaryotic cells and include single-celled protists and multicellular fungi, animals and plants

Question 53

evolution explains the __ and ___ of life

Answer 53

unity and diversity

Question 54

the history of life as documented by fossils is a saga of a changing earth (2 parts)

Answer 54

a)billions of years old. b)inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms

Question 55

evolution accounts for life's dual nature of __ and __

Answer 55

kinship and diversity

Question 56

in 1859 Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection which articulated 2 points:

Answer 56

a)a large amount of evidence supports the idea of evolution that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called "descent with modification". b)natural selection is a mechanism for evolution

Question 57

natural selection was inferred by connecting 2 observations

Answer 57

a)individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parent to offspring. b)a population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support

Question 58

from Darwin's observations of natural selection he inferred that: (3 parts)

Answer 58

a)those individuals with inheritable traits best be suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals. b)as a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations an increasing proportion of individuals will have the advantageous traits. c)the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population overtime.

Question 59

scientific inquiry is used to __ and __ questions about nature

Answer 59

ask and answer

Question 60

the word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning "to __"

Answer 60

to know, science is a way of knowing

Question 61

scientists use 2 means of reasoning

Answer 61

inductive and deductive

Question 62

inductive reasoning is used to?

Answer 62

draw general conclusions from many observations

Question 63

deductive reasoning is to?

Answer 63

come up with ways to test a hypothesis; which is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. the logic flows from general premises to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true

Question 64

how is theory different from a hypothesis? (3 parts)

Answer 64

a theory is: a)much broader in cope than a hypothesis. b)usually general enough to generate many new, specific hypotheses which can then be tested. c)supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence.

Question 65

we solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. an example would be__?

Answer 65

the reasoning we use to answer the question "why doesn't a flashlight work?"

Question 66

by using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem with why the flashlight does not work is either _ or _ ?

Answer 66

a)the bulb or b)the batteries. two hypothesis' are tested in this example the bulb or the batteries

Question 67

a hypothesis must be __ and __.

Answer 67

testable and falsifiable

Question 68

science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena (2 parts)

Answer 68

a)the scope of science is limited to the study of structures and processes that we can directly observe and measure. b)hypotheses about supernatural forces or explanations are outside the bounds of science because they generate hypotheses that cannot be tested by science.

Question 69

the goal technology is to apply __ knowledge for a specific purpose

Answer 69

scientific

Question 70

evolutionary theory is useful in: (4 parts)

Answer 70

medicine, agriculture, forensics and conservation

Question 71

human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species including (4 parts)

Answer 71

antibiotic-resistant bacteria, pesticide-resistant pests, endangered species and increasing rates of extinction.