Week 1: Musculoskeletal System (bone) Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
5 functions of bones
A
- support
- protection
- storage of minerals and triglycerides
- blood cell production
- movement
2
Q
Axial Skeletons
A
- Skull
- vertebral column
- rib cage
3
Q
Appendicular Skeletons
A
- upper limb
- Lower limb
- shoulder girdles
- pelvic girdle
4
Q
Bone shapes
A
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
5
Q
long bones
A
- shaft (diaphysis)
- bone ends (epiphysis)
- humerus, clavicles
6
Q
short bones
A
- small cube-shaped
- patella
- tarsals
- carpals
7
Q
flat bones
A
- sternum
- rib
- scapula
- skull bones
8
Q
irregular bones
A
- vertebra
- hip bone
9
Q
Bones of upper limb
A
- Humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
10
Q
bones of lower limb
A
- femur
- fibula
- tibia
- patella
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
11
Q
bones of shoulder girdles
A
- clavicle
- scapula
12
Q
bones of pelvic girdle
A
- hip bone
13
Q
Connective tissue of bone
A
- osseous tissue
- adipose tissue
- hyaline cartilage
14
Q
Nervous tissue of bone
A
- sensory neuron
15
Q
Muscle, epithelial tissue of bone
A
- blood vessels
16
Q
Composition of osseous tissue
A
- Matrix
- specialized cells
17
Q
function of Matrix in osseous tissue
A
- make bone hard, a little flexible, and strong
- collagen fibers: flexibility, tensile strength
- calcium phosphate crystals: hard, compressive strength
- no collagen -> brittle, easily broken
- no calcium -> soft, very flexible, not hard enough
18
Q
Specialized cells in osseous tissue
A
- osteoprogenitor cells: stem cell that change to osteblast
- osteoblasts(building cell): produce, secrete collagen and matrix
- osteoclasts(resorbing cell): break down matrix and release mineral
- osteocytes: maintain matrix
19
Q
Types of bone
A
- compact bone (outer layer)
- spongy bone (inner layer)
20
Q
Structure of compact bone
A
- osseous tissue into osteons
21
Q
Osteons in compact bone consist
A
- central canal: contain blood vessel & nerve
- concentric circle of matrix
- osteocytes: lie in-between each layers of matrix
22
Q
Osteons in compact bone do
A
- act as a weight-bearing pillar: resist force applied to ends of the bone
23
Q
Structure of spongy bone
A
- osseous tissue into trabeculae
24
Q
Trabeculae characteristics
A
- resist force from all direction
- transfer weight without breaking
25
Characteristics of spongy bone
- lighter than compact bone
| - found in proximal & distal epiphysis (ends of bones)
26
Interstitial growth
- lengthen bone
- occur at epiphyseal plates
1) new cartilage at top of the plate
2) bone replace old cartilage at the bottom of plate
3) diaphysis lengthens
27
Appositional growth
- widen bone
- occur at outer surface of bone
1) osteoblast secrete new matrix later onto bone surface -> becomes compact bone and bone widens
2) osteoclasts remove old matrix from inner surface --> prevent bones from becoming too heavy
28
Bone remodeling
- occur throughout life
- maintain bone mass and strength
- replace old matrix to new
- involve bone resorption (osteoclast) & deposition (osteoblast)
29
Factors affecting bone growth & Remodeling
- amount of Ca, phosphate, Vitamin A, C, D, K, B12
| - Weight-bearing exercise
30
Types of Bone fracture
- Closed (simple) fracture
| - open fracture
31
Comminuted fracture
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
32
compression fracture
bone crushed
33
greenstick fracture
- bone bends and crack
| - incomplete break
34
Spiral fracture
- ragged break
| - excessive twisting applied
35
epiphyseal fracture
breaks along epiphyseal plate
36
transverse fracture
completely broken across the diaphysis (shaft)
37
depressed fracture
broken bone pressed inwards
38
avulsion fracture
tendon, ligament pulls of a fragment of bone
39
pathological fracture
caused by disease (e.g. osteoporosis)
40
Colles fracture
break at distal end of radius
41
scaphoid fracture
carpal bone fracture
42
pott's fracture
break in medial malleolus of tibia or fibula
43
Fracture treatment
1) reduction: realignment of bone ends
2) immobilisation
3) rehabilitation
44
4 stages of fracture repair
1) Haematoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) bony callus of spongy bone forms
4) bone remodeling
45
Haematoma formation
- blood vessels hemorrhage , 찢긴 혈관에서 출혈 발생
- clot forms
- site swollen and sore
46
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- fibroblast -> produce collagen
- chondroblast-> produce cartilage
- Fibrocartilaginous callus splint broken bone ends (callus가 fracture site를 지지해줌)
47
Bony callus of spongy formation
- Fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone
| - bone ends united again
48
bone remodeling
- compact bone replaces spongy bone at bone surface
- osteoclast remove excess bone
- bone return normal
49
Bone disorder: Osteomalacia (adult) & Rickets (child), 골연화증
- poorly mineralized bones (lack of calcium phosphate crystal)
- too soft, flexible bone
- cause: not enough Ca intake or Vitamin D
50
Bone disorder: Osteogenesis imperfecta, 골혈성부전증
- congenital bone disorder
- brittle, easily fractured bone
- no cure
51
Bone disorder: Osteoporosis, 골다공증
- bone resorption 앞지르다 bone deposition -> reduced bone mass
- bone have normal matrix but reduced quantity -> light, easily fractured, fragile
- 여성들에게 발병률 높음
