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Foundations of Human Biology 1 > Week 1 - Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Week 1 - Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Elements

A

Made up of atoms of the same type.

Elements don’t often exist naturally, instead
combining with the atoms of other elements to form compounds

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2
Q

Common Elements in the Human Body

A

Oxygen (65%) > Carbon(18.5%) > Hydrogen(9.5%) > Nitrogen(3.3%)

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3
Q

Matter

A

Objects that occupy space with discernible mass

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4
Q

Solids

A

Fixed position and shape

Least kinetic energy from strong intermolecular forces preventing movement

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5
Q

Liquids

A

Assumes the shape of its container with constant volume

More kinetic energy from weaker intermolecular forces allowing limited movement within its container

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6
Q

Gases

A

No shape or volume

Highest kinetic energy from weak intermolecular forces allowing larger space between for atoms to move freely

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7
Q

Atom

A

Smallest stable unit of matter that makes up elements

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8
Q

Protons

A

Protons have a positive electrical charge and are found in the nucleus of the atom.

The number of protons in the nucleus gives the element its atomic number.

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Neutrons are electrically neutral, or have no charge, and is found in the nucleus.

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10
Q

Electrons

A

Electrons have a negative charge and are found in the electron shell orbiting around the nucleus.

Electrons are important in enabling an atom to connect or bond

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11
Q

Molecules

A

A combination of atoms, usually from more than one element, tightly bound together behaving as a single unit.

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12
Q

Octet Rule

A

The ideal stable state of an atom has 8 electrons in its outer shell

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13
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges that keep two or more atoms closely associated to form a molecule.

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14
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Ionic Bonds involve the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of electrons by another.

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15
Q

Ion

A

When losing or gaining electrons, the charge changes as the number of protons and electrons are no longer the same, creating an Ion

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16
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged Ion

More protons than electrons

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17
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged Ion

More electrons than protons

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18
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing electrons between atoms

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19
Q

Disulphide bond

A

Covalent bond between sulphur atoms

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20
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen atom shares its one electron

Essential in maintaining shape

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates serve as sources of energy in cell respiration.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Classified under types of
‘Saccharides’

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single-sugar compounds

Glucose Fructose Galactose

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23
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose, six carbon sugar

Fructose and Galactose have the same formula but different arrangement of atoms, changing their shape

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24
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugar compounds

Two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond

Sucrose

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25
Olgiosaccharides
Consist of 3 to 20 monosaccharides Found on the outer surface of cell membranes serving as antigens that identify cells as “self”, helping to detect antigens that are "non-self" such as bacteria
26
Polysaccharides
Made of thousands of glucose molecules bonded differently creating different shapes Starches are produced by plant cells (Crops like potatoes and wheat) Glycogen stores excess glucose in the liver and muscles to help regulate blood glucose level Cellulose is the fiber of plant cells and promotes efficient peristalsis
27
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus True Fats Phospholipids Steroids
28
True Fats
Made of fatty acids and glycerol Fatty acids may be saturated (the maximum number of hydrogens) or unsaturated (less than the maximum number of hydrogens)
29
Triglycerides,
Formed from 3 fatty acids and glycerol storage form for potential energy in adipose tissue
30
Phospholipids
Diglycerides that are part of cell membranes Forms the Myelin Sheath
31
Steroids
Four Carbon-Hydrogen rings Cholesterol is the basic steroid which the body uses to manufacture others Convert to vitamin D, bile salts and precursor for steroid hormones
32
Proteins
Made from amino acids Consist of 50 to 100 amino acids in a specific sequence and shape
33
Amino Acids
Make up proteins Bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond Excess amino acids convert to carbs or fat as potential energy
34
Enzymes
Catalysts that speed up reactions Synthesis Decomposition Energy Production Cellular Reproduction
35
Integumentary System
Set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body comprised of skin, nails, and hair Provides protection, sense, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis
36
Skeletal System
Skeleton – bones and joints Functions: protection, movement, storage of minerals, produce blood cells
37
Muscular System
Function: Movement/ contraction Skeletal muscle = voluntary movement Cardiac muscle = heart Smooth muscle = involuntary movement
38
Nervous System
Brain, nerve cells (neurons), glial cells The brain is the control centre, neurons carry messages, and glial cells are support cells.
39
Cardiovascular System
Comprised of heart and blood vessels Carries blood, nutrients and oxygen around the body and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
40
Digestive System
Breaks down food to allow nutrient absorption Nutrients used by the body to create energy
41
Homeostasis
Stimulus: produces change Receptor: senses change Control Centre: determines response Effector: action on initial stimulus
42
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Response causes the stimulus to decline Thermoregulation
43
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Response enhances original stimulus Lactation, Blood Clotting
44
Anatomical Position
Assumed position whenever considering directional terms and anatomical sections
45
Anterior/ Ventral
Front
46
Posterior/ Dorsal
Back
47
Superior
Upper body or higher than point of reference
48
Inferior
Lower body or lower than point of reference
49
Proximal
Closer to point of origin Knee is proximal to (closer than) foot
50
Distal
Further from point of origin Hand is distal to (further from) elbow
51
Medial
Towards the Midline of the body
52
Lateral
Away from the Midline of the body
53
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body Right shoulder and right elbow
54
Contralateral
Opposite side of body Right shoulder left elbow
55
Superficial/ External
Closer to body surface Skin
56
Deep/ Internal
Further from body surface Lungs
57
Frontal/ Coronal Plane
Separates body into front and back portions
58
Sagittal plane
Separates the body into right and left portions Midsagittal separates the body into equal sides Parasagittal separates the body into unequal sides.
59
Transverse Plane
Separates the body into top and bottom portions
60
Cross Section
Plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
61
Longitudinal Section
Plane along the long axis of an organ
62
Dorsal Cavity
Backside of body Contains the -Cranial Cavity (brain) -Spinal Cavity (spine)
63
Ventral Cavity
Frontside of body Contains the -Thoracic Cavity (lungs) -Pelvic Cavity (bladder, reproductive organs) -Abdominal cavity (intestines liver etc.) which is often separated into quadrants

Foundations of Human Biology 1 (4 decks)

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