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Foundations of Human Biology 1 > Week 1 - Organisation of the Human Body > Flashcards

Week 1 - Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Elements

A

Made up of atoms of the same type.

Elements don’t often exist naturally, instead
combining with the atoms of other elements to form compounds

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2
Q

Common Elements in the Human Body

A

Oxygen (65%) > Carbon(18.5%) > Hydrogen(9.5%) > Nitrogen(3.3%)

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3
Q

Matter

A

Objects that occupy space with discernible mass

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4
Q

Solids

A

Fixed position and shape

Least kinetic energy from strong intermolecular forces preventing movement

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5
Q

Liquids

A

Assumes the shape of its container with constant volume

More kinetic energy from weaker intermolecular forces allowing limited movement within its container

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6
Q

Gases

A

No shape or volume

Highest kinetic energy from weak intermolecular forces allowing larger space between for atoms to move freely

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7
Q

Atom

A

Smallest stable unit of matter that makes up elements

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8
Q

Protons

A

Protons have a positive electrical charge and are found in the nucleus of the atom.

The number of protons in the nucleus gives the element its atomic number.

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Neutrons are electrically neutral, or have no charge, and is found in the nucleus.

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10
Q

Electrons

A

Electrons have a negative charge and are found in the electron shell orbiting around the nucleus.

Electrons are important in enabling an atom to connect or bond

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11
Q

Molecules

A

A combination of atoms, usually from more than one element, tightly bound together behaving as a single unit.

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12
Q

Octet Rule

A

The ideal stable state of an atom has 8 electrons in its outer shell

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13
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges that keep two or more atoms closely associated to form a molecule.

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14
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Ionic Bonds involve the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of electrons by another.

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15
Q

Ion

A

When losing or gaining electrons, the charge changes as the number of protons and electrons are no longer the same, creating an Ion

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16
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged Ion

More protons than electrons

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17
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged Ion

More electrons than protons

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18
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing electrons between atoms

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19
Q

Disulphide bond

A

Covalent bond between sulphur atoms

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20
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen atom shares its one electron

Essential in maintaining shape

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates serve as sources of energy in cell respiration.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Classified under types of
‘Saccharides’

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22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Single-sugar compounds

Glucose Fructose Galactose

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23
Q

Glucose

A

Hexose, six carbon sugar

Fructose and Galactose have the same formula but different arrangement of atoms, changing their shape

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24
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugar compounds

Two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond

Sucrose

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25
Q

Olgiosaccharides

A

Consist of 3 to 20 monosaccharides

Found on the outer surface of cell membranes serving as antigens that identify cells as “self”, helping to detect antigens that are “non-self” such as bacteria

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26
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Made of thousands of glucose molecules bonded differently creating different shapes

Starches are produced by plant cells (Crops like potatoes and wheat)

Glycogen stores excess glucose in the liver and muscles to help regulate blood glucose level

Cellulose is the fiber of plant cells and promotes efficient peristalsis

27
Q

Lipids

A

Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus

True Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

28
Q

True Fats

A

Made of fatty acids and glycerol

Fatty acids may be saturated (the maximum number of hydrogens) or unsaturated (less than the maximum number of hydrogens)

29
Q

Triglycerides,

A

Formed from 3 fatty acids and glycerol

storage form for potential energy in adipose tissue

30
Q

Phospholipids

A

Diglycerides that are part of cell membranes

Forms the Myelin Sheath

31
Q

Steroids

A

Four Carbon-Hydrogen rings

Cholesterol is the basic steroid which the body uses to manufacture others

Convert to vitamin D, bile salts and precursor for steroid hormones

32
Q

Proteins

A

Made from amino acids

Consist of 50 to 100 amino acids in a specific sequence and shape

33
Q

Amino Acids

A

Make up proteins

Bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond

Excess amino acids convert to carbs or fat as potential energy

34
Q

Enzymes

A

Catalysts that speed up reactions

Synthesis
Decomposition
Energy Production
Cellular Reproduction

35
Q

Integumentary System

A

Set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body comprised of skin, nails, and hair

Provides protection, sense, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis

36
Q

Skeletal System

A

Skeleton – bones and joints

Functions: protection, movement, storage of minerals, produce blood cells

37
Q

Muscular System

A

Function: Movement/ contraction

Skeletal muscle = voluntary movement
Cardiac muscle = heart
Smooth muscle = involuntary movement

38
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, nerve cells (neurons), glial cells

The brain is the control centre, neurons carry messages, and glial cells are support cells.

39
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Comprised of heart and blood vessels

Carries blood, nutrients and oxygen around the body and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste

40
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food to allow nutrient absorption

Nutrients used by the body to create energy

41
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stimulus: produces change
Receptor: senses change
Control Centre: determines response
Effector: action on initial stimulus

42
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A

Response causes the stimulus to decline

Thermoregulation

43
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A

Response enhances original stimulus

Lactation, Blood Clotting

44
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Assumed position whenever considering directional terms and anatomical sections

45
Q

Anterior/ Ventral

A

Front

46
Q

Posterior/ Dorsal

A

Back

47
Q

Superior

A

Upper body or higher than point of reference

48
Q

Inferior

A

Lower body or lower than point of reference

49
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of origin

Knee is proximal to (closer than) foot

50
Q

Distal

A

Further from point of origin

Hand is distal to (further from) elbow

51
Q

Medial

A

Towards the Midline of the body

52
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the Midline of the body

53
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of the body

Right shoulder and right elbow

54
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

Right shoulder left elbow

55
Q

Superficial/ External

A

Closer to body surface

Skin

56
Q

Deep/ Internal

A

Further from body surface

Lungs

57
Q

Frontal/ Coronal Plane

A

Separates body into front and back portions

58
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Separates the body into right and left portions

Midsagittal separates the body into equal sides
Parasagittal separates the body into unequal sides.

59
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Separates the body into top and bottom portions

60
Q

Cross Section

A

Plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ

61
Q

Longitudinal Section

A

Plane along the long axis of an organ

62
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

Backside of body

Contains the
-Cranial Cavity (brain)
-Spinal Cavity (spine)

63
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

Frontside of body

Contains the
-Thoracic Cavity (lungs)
-Pelvic Cavity (bladder, reproductive organs)
-Abdominal cavity (intestines liver etc.) which is often separated into quadrants

Foundations of Human Biology 1 (4 decks)

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