Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Foundations of Human Biology 1 > Week 3 Digestive System > Flashcards

Week 3 Digestive System Flashcards

(45 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT ORGANS

A

Mouth Throat Oesophagus Stomach Large Intestine Small Intestine Rectum Anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ACCESSORY ORGANS

A

ACCESSORY ORGANS are the SALIVARY GLANDS, the PANCREAS, the LIVER, and the GALLBLADDER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MOUTH

A

The GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT starts at the MOUTH with mastication (chewing) breaking food into smaller pieces. It also releases some enzymes to start carbohydrate digestion

secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

PHARYNX/THROAT and OESOPHAGUS

A

The PHARYNX/THROAT and OESOPHAGUS swallow and transport food from the mouth to the stomach

secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

STOMACH

A

The STOMACH begins digestion by releasing acid and mixing food

secretes gastric juice containing HCl pepsin and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SMALL INTESTINE

A

The SMALL INTESTINE is made of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the majority of digestion and absorption occurs

secretes mucus salt enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bile duct

A

The bile duct is a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, through the pancreas, and into the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LARGE INTESTINE

A

The LARGE INTESTINE, or colon, absorbs the last of the water and salt and converts the luminal contents into faeces which end up in the rectum and anus

secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MOTILITY

A

MOTILITY refers to muscular contractions that mix and move food along the digestive tract. Movements can be propulsive, such as peristalsis, or mixing, such as segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SECRETION

EXOCRINE & ENDOCRINE GLANDS

A

SECRETION includes both exocrine and endocrine functions in both the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs.

EXOCRINE glands secrete their substances through ducts into the body’s surfaces. ENDOCRINE glands secrete their substances directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DIGESTION

A

DIGESTION breaks down the three macromolecules; protein, carbohydrate and fat. Occurs via hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hydrolysis

A

where a molecule is split into two by adding molecules of water via the catalytic actions of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ABSORPTION

A

ABSORPTION absorbs digestion end products with water and electrolytes to transfer to blood and lymph. Primarily occurs in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE WALL OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

A

Mucosa: MUCOUS MEMBRANE

LAMINA PROPRIA: LYMPHOID TISSUE

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

THE SUBMUCOSA

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA:
INNER CIRCULAR LAYER
LONGITUDINAL LAYER SEROSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MUCOSA

A

THE MUCOSA consists of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE, a protective barrier of epithelial tissue containing specialised cells for absorption or secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

LAMINA PROPRIA

A

LAMINA PROPRIA is a thin middle layer of connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels and LYMPHOID TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

A

MUSCULARIS MUCOSA is a very thin layer of smooth muscle that upon contraction can expose different areas of surface folding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

THE SUBMUCOSA

A

THE SUBMUCOSA is a thick layer of connective tissue which gives elasticity and contains larger blood and lymph vessels and a nerve network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

Study These Flashcards
A

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA is the smooth muscle on the outermost layer of the tube made up of the INNER CIRCULAR LAYER which decreases the diameter for contraction, and the outer LONGITUDINAL LAYER which decreases the length of contraction

20
Q

SEROSA

Study These Flashcards
A

SEROSA is a thin layer of connective tissue that secretes serous fluid for lubrication. This prevents friction between the digestive tract and the surrounding viscera

21
Q

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

Study These Flashcards
A

MECHANICAL DIGESTION: mastication (chewing) breaks food into small pieces, increasing the surface area for biochemical digestion

22
Q

BIOCHEMICAL DIGESTION

Study These Flashcards
A

BIOCHEMICAL DIGESTION: starts chemical digestion of carbohydrates with amylase, breaking down long carbohydrate molecules into shorter chains

23
Q

SALIVA

Study These Flashcards
A

SALIVA is 99.5% water, electrolytes and proteins. The water and mucus moisten food, flush away food particles, and act as a solvent. Also, contains lysozyme, an antibacterial enzyme, and bicarbonate as a buffer to neutralise acids

24
Q

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS:

Study These Flashcards
A

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS: A molecule is split into two by adding molecules of water via the catalytic actions of enzymes. Digestive enzymes are specific to bonds they can hydrolyse

25
STOMACH:
STOMACH: Hydrochloric acid (HCl) inhibits amylase, halting biochemical digestion Produces chyme
26
SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine contains villi: folds in the small intestinal wall, with a lamina propria with blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, covered with small intestinal epithelial absorptive cells, ENTEROCYTES
27
Enterocytes
Enterocytes also have small projections called microvilli which make up the brush border The large surface area and transport mechanisms of enterocytes in the small intestine allow for absorption
28
Pancreas
Pancreatic amylase into small intestine for digestion
29
BREAKDOWN OF POLYSACCHARIDES
Amylase from saliva and pancreas breaks down polysaccharides into disaccharides Indigestible polysaccharides, form indigestible fibre or are broken down by the gut microbiome
30
BREAKDOWN OF DISACCHARIDES:
Disaccharidases in the brush border of the small intestine breakdown disaccharides into monosaccharides
31
MONOSACCHARIDE ABSORPTION
absorbed into the enterocytes through sodium-glucose cotransporter symporter (SGLT) passively enters cell through a protein called GLUT-5 monosaccharides exit the cell by passive facilitated diffusion via a protein called GLUT-2
32
Carbohydrate Digestion
Mouth breaks down food Saliva and amylase break down carbohydrates and neutralise bacteria and acid Stomach churns food Small intestine breaks down further using pancreatic amylase and absorbs via microvilli on enterocytes using a Na+ dependant symport
33
Protein Structure
Amino acids with peptide bonds between them. On one end is the amino terminal, and on the other end is the carboxy terminal.
34
STOMACH
Secretes gastric juice, containing HYDROCHLORIC ACID and PEPSINOGEN
35
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Secreted from parietal cells Kills bacteria, denature proteins and activates pepsinogen Tight junctions between epithelial cells of the stomach, mucous, and bicarbonate protect the stomach from HCl
36
PEPSINOGEN
secreted by chief cells in the stomach Activated by HCl to form pepsin. forming process where pepsin molecules activate pepsinogen to form more pepsin Pepsin splits certain amino acid linkages in proteins to release peptide fragments
37
PANCREAS
Secretes proteolytic enzymes (trypsinogen) into the small intestine Enteropeptidase in the small intestine converts trypsinogen into trypsin. Trypsin then activates other pancreatic enzymes
38
PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS ENDOPEPTIDASE EXOPEPTIDASE
ENDOPEPTIDASE hydrolyse peptide bonds within the protein molecules, forming two smaller peptide chains EXOPEPTIDASE hydrolyses peptide bonds at the terminals of the protein molecules.
39
PROTEIN ABSORPTION
Amino acids are absorbed across enterocytes with symporters which are selective for different amino acids peptides entering the cell that wasn’t hydrolysed broken down by intracellular peptidases Amino acids then enter the circulation by simple diffusion
40
Protein Digestion
Pepsinogen creates pepsin in the stomach breaking down amino acids in proteins Trypsinogen from the pancreas converts to trypsin and activates other pancreatic enzymes to hydrolyse proteins within or at the terminals Then absorbed across enterocytes and Na+ dependant symport and entering circulation via simple diffusion
41
Fat triglycerides
Dietary fat comes in the form of large fat globules composed of triglycerides The triglycerides are turned into liquid chyme in the stomach
42
SMALL INTESTINE
Chyme stimulates enteroendocrine cells to secrete a pair of hormones hormones then stimulate gallbladder, causing bile to travel through the bile ducts into small intestine
43
BILE
BILE is made by the liver and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder Bile emulsifies fats to prevent fat molecules from clumping together increasing are for enzymes to break them down into fatty acids and monoglycerides
44
pancreas
the pancreas is also triggered by hormones from enteroendocrine cells to release pancreatic juice including lipases
45
Fat absorption
micelles carry the end product of fat digestion to cell membrane to diffuse through, then resynthesising into triglycerides coated in lipoprotein to form chylomicrons

Foundations of Human Biology 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions