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HSC4020 Nuclear Med > Week 1 Part 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 Part 1 & 2 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

what is nuclear medicine

A

use of unsealed radioactive substances to
- diagnose diseases
- study pathological processes
- treatment via radionuclide therapy

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2
Q

radiopharmaceuticals are made by __

A

combining radionuclide & pharma ligand specific to target tissue / organ

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3
Q

what is the difference between CT/MRI compared to nuclear med

A

nuclear med provides functional information on top of anatomy whereas both do not and used to diagnose and treat

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4
Q

nuclear med uses ___ tracers

A

internal radioactive

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5
Q

radiation is emitted from within the body and detected by __

A

gamma camera, SPECT, PET scanners

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6
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

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7
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

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8
Q

anatomical imaging

A

visualizing bodily structures and organs to diagnose and treat

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9
Q

functional imaging

A

visualizing how body & organ function at cellular and molecular level = measure physiological processes

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10
Q

what are radiopharmaceuticals

A

radioisotopes that bind to ligand which targets specific organs, tissues, cells within the body

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11
Q

what radio-isotopes localize by themselves and does not need to be attached to other molecules

A

I-123
I-131
Ga-67

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12
Q

where does production of radiotracers occur at

A

nuclear reactor, radionuclide generator, particle accelerator

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13
Q

how do nuclear reactors produce radionuclides

A

high flux of neutrons activate elements placed in reactor to produce them

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14
Q

how do radionuclide reactors produce radionuclides

A

parent radionuclide decays to produce daughter radionuclides

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15
Q

how do particle accelerators produce radionuclides

A

accelerates protons to bombard target to produce radionuclides

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16
Q

where are radioactive tracers prepared in

A

hot lab

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17
Q

radiopharmaceuticals are administered via __

A

subcutaneous, IV, inhalation, ingestion

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18
Q

SPECT detectors are usually ___

A

dual / triple head detectors

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19
Q

how does PET scans work

A
  1. PET injected into body
  2. positrons collide with e-, creating annihilations
  3. energy emitted in form of 2x 511keV energy gamma rays at 180 degrees
  4. 2 gamma rays detect by opposing detectors
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20
Q

how does SPECT scans work

A
  1. single gamma photon emitter injected
  2. tracer emits multiple single photons after injection
  3. photon contributes to image if it falls into energy range
  4. image shows tracer distribution
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21
Q

ligand used for PET & SPECT

A

SPECT - MIBI
PET - FDG

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22
Q

PET acquisition modes

A

gated, dynamic, static

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23
Q

SPECT acquisition modes

A

gated, dynamic

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24
Q

planar acquisition modes

A

static, gated, dynamic

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25
What is the main reason for using gated SPECT imaging with Tc-99m MIBI in cardiac
To evaluate myocardial perfusion throughout the cardiac cycle
26
image acquisition phases are __
image acquisition > image recon > filtering > attenuation correction > nuclear med fusion
27
how is the emitted radiation captured
projections = 2d images taken from multiple angles around patient
28
process of image generation
acquire data > projection data > backprojection process, image
29
what is backprojection
use of sinograms to reconstruct images from projection data; smeared back across image matrix, causing blurry and star artifacts
30
how is the iterative reconstruction different between CT and nuclear med in terms of image quality
both improves image quality but nuclear med corrects physical effects whereas CT reduces noise/dose
31
how is the iterative reconstruction different between CT and nuclear med in terms of reconstruction
CT uses initial estimate from FBP and loops to correct Nuclear Med uses forward projection of estimated activity distribution and compares with actual gamma counts and updates
32
how is the iterative reconstruction different between CT and nuclear med in terms of sharpness
CT increases detail with less noise and helps with dose reduction Nuclear med increases contrast & detail, reduces blurring from backprojection
33
how does nuclear med estimate tissues absorbing photons from different locations
attenuation maps
34
how is attenuation correction applied in lesions deep in the body
often underestimated without correction but this ensures accurate quantification and improves diagnostic accuracy
35
What is the primary purpose of iterative reconstruction in nuclear medicine imaging?
To improve image accuracy by refining estimates over multiple iterations
36
In SPECT or PET imaging, what is a sinogram?
A series of raw projections collected from different angles
37
Why is attenuation correction important in nuclear medicine?
It compensates for tissue absorption that can cause underestimation of tracer uptake
38
theranostics is a combination of __
therapeutics and diagnostics
39
uranium decays to __
radon
40
alpha particles are __
helium nucleus
41
beta particles are __
e-
42
gamma rays are __
electromagnetic packets of energy
43
positrons are __
positively charged e-
44
what is bremsstrahlung radiation
beta particle interacts with surround material and is deflected and slowed down; excess energy is emitted as XR
45
the higher the atomic number, the ___ the bremsstrahlung radiation
stronger
46
shielding of beta radiation is done using __
light materials (plastic, lucite, aluminium)
47
what unit is used in personnel protection
dose equivalent unit (Sv) to compare effects of different radiation in human tissue and account for damage done
48
stochastic effects are __
not dose dependent and health effects can occur at any dose
49
how does alpha radiation do damage to DNA
high energy deposit and short path breaks double stranded DNA and cannot be repaired
50
why is DNA able to recover from beta radiation
only single stranded DNA are broken which can be repaired
51
what are free radicals
highly reactive chemical species with extra e-
52
what are the 4 openings used in TLDs
- none - lead (all attenuated) - thin aluminium(alpha and beta attenuated, gamma pass through) - parafilm / thick paper (alpha attenuated, beta and gamma pass through)
53
pocket dosimeters are based on __
semiconductor scintillation
54
which type of radiation used for diagnostics
gamma rays
55
which type of radiation used for therapy
alpha and beta
56
energy of diagnostic gamma
100 - 200 KeV
57
energy of therapy particles
(0.5 to >2 MeV)
58
half-life for diagnostic purposes
2 - 24 hours
59
half-life for therapeutic purposes
12 - 72 hours
60
half-life of Tc-99m
6 hours
61
energy of Tc-99m
140 KeV (single gamma ray)
62
what is the best gamma ray emitting isotope for medical imaging
Tc-99m
63
what does molybdenum decay into
Tc-99m
64
half life of Mo-99
76 hours
65
energy of Mo-99
760 and 780 KeV
66
how many times should generator be eluted per day using Tc-99m
once per day
67
Tc-99m activity is ___ of activity 24 hours ago if generator is not eluted in between approx ___ of previous eluted radioactivity per hour
75 - 85%; 10 - 15%
68
what is the valency of Tc
+7
69
use ___ to reduce Tc-99m to a more reactive state
reducing agents
70
what are the most commonly used Tc-99m labelling in radiopharmaceuticals
SnCL2 or SnF2
71
what are the contents of labelled radiopharmaceuticals
- desired radiopharmaceutical (miscible with normal saline) - unlabelled free Tc-99m (miscible with acetone & normal saline) - reduced hydrolysed Tc-99m (colloid, not miscible with acetone or normal saline)
72
what is used to separate the contents of radiopharmaceuticals
thin layer chromatography
73
what is the pH of radiopharmaceutical
4.5 - 8.5
74
how is aluminium leakage from generator core into Tc-99m eluate detected
colorimetric method by comparing to standard solution
75
what is radionuclidic purity
fraction of total radioactivity in the form of desired radionuclide
76
how is radionuclidic purity determined
acquiring energy spectrum using multichannel analyzer / Mo-99m breakthrough kit
77
Excess aluminum in Tc-99m has been shown to cause ___
larger particle size in Tc-99m sulfur colloid and excessive soft tissue uptake in Tc-99m MDP/HMDP bone scan
78
issues of low labelling efficiency
poor scan quality and increased radiation exposure to patients and staff
79
where does free Tc-99m localize at
stomach & thyroid
80
where does RH-Tc-99m localize at
liver
81
what is the high voltage test
ensures that voltage across electrodes of ionization chamber is high enough such that even small amplitude of ionization results in a signal

HSC4020 Nuclear Med (5 decks)

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