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Yr2 HS2131 > Week 1 Revision > Flashcards

Week 1 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

How does age affect tissue repair?

A
  • skin becomes more elastic - harder time returning to its normal shape and colour
  • decreases collagen in the outer dermal layer = wound heals slower
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2
Q

What does vascularity mean?

A

When the person’s veins are easily seen

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3
Q

What does angiogenesis mean?

A

The formation of new blood vessels

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4
Q

How does nutritional status affect wound healing?

A
  • Protein helps to repair the damaged tissue by promoting collagen to be built. Allowing fibroblast growth to be encouraged
  • Lipids encourage the phospholipid bilayer to be formed in new cells.
  • Carbohydrates provides glucose, which gives the cells energy.
  • Vitamin C increases the strength of the wound as it heals.
  • Vitamin A help to prevent any infections occurring, and helps control the inflammatory response.
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5
Q

How does the presence of disease affect wound healing?

A

When tissue is repairing, it will repair at a slow rate due to the body already being under stress. Furthermore, if the patient has a disease, it also increases the risk of infection in the damaged tissue.

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6
Q

List three macro-nutrients

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
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7
Q

List two micro-nutrients

A
  • Vitamins

- Minerals

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8
Q

How would a cell meet their energy demand if carbohydrates are not fully availble?

A

It will result in the body burning stored fat

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9
Q

What is the role of fibroblast?

A

A type of biological cells which once a clot forms on a wound, once it has does it job to stop the bleeding g, these cells work to remove the clot to allow the continuation wound healing.

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10
Q

What is proliferation?

A

During this stage of wound healing , new granulation tissue is built.

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11
Q

How would a iron deficiency affect wound healing?

A

The body being low in iron results in tissue not getting enough oxygen. For a wound to heel it requires a lot of oxygen. Therefore, having anaemia can cause the wound to heel a lot slower, and infract stop the wound healing. This then makes the patient more vulnerable to infection.

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12
Q

What is the biggest risk factor of developing atherosclerosis?

A

Cigarette smoking

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13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque.

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14
Q

What is anaemia?

A

A reduction of haemoglobin resulting in a lack of oxygen

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15
Q

What are three causes of anaemia?

A
  • Blood loss
  • Decreased or faulty red blood cell production
  • Destruction of red blood cells
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16
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Cachexia is more than simply loss of appetite though. It is changes in the way your body normally uses protein, carbohydrate, and fat.

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17
Q

How can cachexia affect wound healing?

A

The body requires carbohydrates, fats and protein for wound healing to occur effecttivly. If someone has cachexia, they will not be receiving these nutrients, therefore delaying the wound healing process.

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18
Q

What three conditions does a wound heal best under? and why?

A

• Moist environment – allows more effective migration of new epidermal cells across
the wound surface.
• Correct dressing choice – correct dressing for stage of healing or state of wound.
• Use of aseptic technique – prevent infection

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19
Q

Why is an aseptic technique important for wound dressing?

A

Using an aseptic technique ensure that the wound is cleaned before the dressing is applied. The cleaning process, with saline, removes any bacteria or items out of the wound. Continuing with the aseptic technique allows the wound to be free from any bacteria which could lead to an infection

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20
Q

What does neutropenia mean?

A

Neutropenia is when a person has a low level of neutrophils. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. All white blood cells help the body fight infection.

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21
Q

How do anticoagulants affect a wound healing?

A

Anticoagulants thin the blood, therefore there are fewer platelets to form a cut on a open wound, resulting in the wound healing slower and more blood from the wound to be produced.

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22
Q

How is the epidermis tissue in the skin made up off?

A

Epithelial cells

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23
Q

How is the dermis tissue in the skin made up off?

A

Connective tissue

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24
Q

What is acute inflammation? What are the signs?

A

It is a healthy response which protects and repairs the body from the damage.
Signs of acute inflammation are scabbing, redness, pus and swelling.
An acute inflammation is one that starts rapidly and becomes severe in a short space of time.

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25
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Chronic inflammation is not a natural healing process. This type of inflammation is where dilated blood vessels and the busy immune system becomes the new normal. White blood cells in chronic inflammation make the patient more prone to non-infectious conditions.

26
Q

What are the five classic signs of inflmmation? Explain

A
  1. Pain – this occurs as a result of the inflammatory chemical that stimulate nerve endings, causing the area to be more sensitive.
  2. Heat – the inflamed area becomes hot due to the increase blood flow.
  3. Redness – this occurs as the blood vessels of the inflamed area are filled with more blood than normal.
  4. Swelling – this occurs as a result of fluid accumulating in tissues throughout of the body, or specifically the affected area
  5. Loss of function – this can be due to an injury or illness causing the inflammation. If a joint of muscle is inflamed, it will not be able to move properly due to it being restricted.
27
Q

What are the 3 stages of wound healing? Explain

A
  1. Inflammation - blood vessels seal themselves off as the platelets create form a clot and halt bleeding. Once homeostasis is achieved the blood vessels dilate, letting nutrients, white blood cells, antibodies, enzymes and other beneficial elements into the affected area to promote good wound healing and stave off infection. This is when someone would begin to experience the physical effects of inflammation.
  2. Reconstruction - the wound begins to be rebuilt with new, healthy granulation tissue. For the granulation tissue to be formed, the blood vessels must receive a sufficient supply of nutrients and oxygen.
  3. Maturation - It occurs after the wound has closed up and can take as long as two years. During this phase, the dermal tissues are taken apart to enhance their tensile strength and non-functional fibroblasts are replaced by functional ones. Cellular activity declines with time and the number of blood vessels in the affected area decreases.
28
Q

What us neuropathic pain?

A

Shooting or burning pain.

This type of pain is often as a result of nerve damage or a malfunctioning nervous system.

29
Q

What is phantom pain?

A

When an individual feels pain or sensation from a limb which is no longer there.

30
Q

How does the extent of the wound affect how the wound heals?

A

A large, deeper wound will take a longer period of time to heal due to the surface area being bigger. A larger surface area results in the cells having a larger space of the skin to fix. Therefore, a small wound will take much less time to heal than a large wound.

31
Q

How does obesity affect a wound healing?

A

Obesity itself does not slow down wound healing; it is the health issues associated with the metabolic disorder which cause problems. These health issues include diabetes; which weakness the patient’s immunity. Elevated blood sugar levels stiffen the arteries and narrow the blood vessels. This result in abnormal blood flow and oxygen to the wound.

32
Q

How does the dressing affect how a wound heals?

A

Different dressing assist a wound to heal in a specific way. If the incorrect dressing is used, it can result in the wound taking longer to heal, the wound being more likely to infection, and the wound be more likely to get bigger. Using the correct dressing is vital to ensure the wound receives the care it needs and that it heals in the correct way.

33
Q

What is a nocieptor?

A

A free nerve ending that responds to noxious stimuli

34
Q

What are two causes of acute inflammation?

A
  • Infection

- Pain

35
Q

What is the inflammatory soup?

A

A mixture of chemical which stimulates the nociceptors into a state of hyperalgesia

36
Q

What is hyperaemia? How does it present in inflammation?

A

Increased blood flow

Redness and heat

37
Q

In the inflammatory response, what does increased permeability do?

A

It allows more fluid to come into the blood vessels which have swollen. Water is in the plasma, the plasma then leakes out of the blood vessels and into the tissue – causing swelling (of water). As more and more fluid leakes out, it causes more pressure which causes more pain which then results in a loss of function.

38
Q

How does transduction occur in pain?

A

Via nociceptors. Transduction is complete when an action potential is generated and a pain impulse can be transmitted.

39
Q

What is trasmission of pain?

A

When sensory neurones transmit the pain impulse to the spinal cord.

40
Q

What are the 3 nerve fibres involved in pain? Explain

A

A delta fibres - fast pain for local, sharp stinging pain

C fibres - slow pain for dull and aching pain (the after pain)

A beta dibres - transmit messages very fast for touch and pressure (not pain)

41
Q

Explain the process of the 3 nerve fibres

A

When pain is detected, a delta fibres are stimulated. You then rub the area where the pain is which activates a beta fibres. You then start to think about the rubbing and not the pain. The a beta fibres get to the brain faster than the a delta fibres. When you stop rubbing, the c fibres are the nerves being felt.

42
Q

What part of the brain is the pain perceived?

A

The somatosensory cortex

43
Q

How log does chronic pain and acute pain last for?

A

chronic pain > more than 3 months

acute pain > less than 3 months

44
Q

What is a wound?

A

damage or disruption to the normal anatomical structure and function of the skin

45
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of a disease

46
Q

What two things can a disease do to cells?

A
  • Cell not functioning as it normally would

- The cell’s environment changing

47
Q

What are the two celleur adaptations?

A

2) Hypertrophy

3) Atrophy

48
Q

What is physiology?

A

How the body works

49
Q

What is a disease?

A

A variation in the structure and function of the body

50
Q

What is iatrogenic?

A

Relating to an illness caused by a medical examination or treatment

51
Q

What hormone is released during an inflammatory response?

A

Histamine

52
Q

What is ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Associated with heart failure - the enlargement of the walls of the hearts left venticle, causing it to work more than normal

53
Q

Where is the autonomic and motor response of pain preception controled?

A

Hypothalamus

54
Q

What is the autonomic response to acute pain?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Elevated blood sugar levels
55
Q

Where does tuberculosis bacillus attack?

A

The lungs

56
Q

What does streptococcus cause in the throt?

A

The throat to be sore

57
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen levels

58
Q

How can you measure renal function?

A

You can measure the urea and creatinine levels in the blood - high levels indicate renal function deteriorating

59
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in cell number

60
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A decrease in cell size

61
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal growth of tissues, organs and cells

Yr2 HS2131 (7 decks)

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