Week 1 - Severson Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary function of the Rhomboid Major muscle?
A
Retract the scapula
2
Q
What is the primary function of the Latissimus dorsi muscle?
A
Extend the arm
3
Q
What muscle is most significant in performing chin-ups?
A
Latissimus dorsi
4
Q
What is the primary function of the Deltoid muscle?
A
Abduct the arm
5
Q
What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
A
Axillary nerve
6
Q
What nerve innervates the infraspinatus muscle?
A
Suprascapular nerve
7
Q
What nerve innervates the Teres minor muscle?
A
Axillary nerve
8
Q
What two muscles does the Suprascapular nerve innervate?
A
- Suprasinatus
- Infraspinatus
9
Q
What muscle is innervated by the CN XI (Accessory nerve)?
A
Trapezius
10
Q
What two muscles are innervated by the Axillary nerve?
A
- Deltoid
- Teres minor
11
Q
What muscle is innervated by the Thoracodorsal nerve?
A
Latissimus dorsi
12
Q
What artery/nerve complex travels through the Suprascapular notch?
A
Suprascapular Artery/Nerve
13
Q
Define supine.
A
Anterior side up.
(lying on back, spine down)
14
Q
Define prone.
A
Anterior side down.
(face down, front float)
15
Q
Define supination.
A
To bring the palm facing upwards.
16
Q
Define pronation.
A
To place palm downward.
17
Q
What is the axial plane?
A
Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
(aka transverse plane)
18
Q
Where is the triangle of auscultation?
A
Inferior and lateral to the trapezius,
Superior to the latissimus dorsi,
Medial to the medial border of the scapula,
overlying the rhomboid major
19
Q
What four anatomical features form the Quadrilateral or Quadrangular Space?
A
- Teres minor (superior)
- Long head of triceps (medial)
- Humerus (lateral)
- Teres major (inferior)
20
Q
What three neurovascular components are located in the Quadrilateral/Quadrangular Space?
A
- Axillary nerve (innervates the deltoid and teres minor)
- Posterior circumflex humeral artery
- Posterior circumflex humeral vein
21
Q
Describe the anatomical position in four steps.
A
- Standing erect
- Arms by the side
- Palms facing forwards
- Feet flat on floor
22
Q
What are the functions of the latissimus dorsi?
A
- Extend
- Adduct
- Medially rotate the humerus at the shoulder joint
23
Q
What are the functions of the trapezius?
A
- Upper fibers: Elevate scapula
- Middle fibers: Retract scapula
- Lower fibers: Depress scapula
24
Q
Damage to what nerve innervating what muscle results in a “droopy shoulder”?
A
Accessory nerve (CN XI) innervating the Trapezius
25
What are the functions of the levator scapulae?
* Elevates scapula
* Fixes the scapula
26
What are the functions of the Rhomboid major and minor?
* Retracts the scapula
* Elevates the scapula
27
What are the functions of the Serratus anterior?
* Protracts the scapula
* Holds it agains the thoracic wall
* Positions the glenoid cavity
28
What are the functions of the Deltoid?
* Anterior fibers: Flex and medially rotate the humerus
* Middle fibers: Chief abductor of the humerus
* Posterior fibers: Extend and laterally rotate the shoulder.
29
What are the functions of the Teres major?
* Adducts the humerus
* Medially roates the humerus
30
What is the function of the Suprasinatus?
Abducts the humerus
31
What is the function of the Infraspinatus?
Laterally rotates the humerus.
32
What is the function of the teres minor?
Laterally rotates the humerus.
33
What is the function of the Subscapularis?
Medially rotates the humerus.
34
What are the four muscles of the Rotator cuff?
1. Supraspinatus
2. Infraspinatus
3. Teres minor
4. Subscapularis
35
Where does the omohyoid muscle attach to the scapula?
The inferior attachment of this muscle is the superior border of the scapula near the suprascapular notch.
36
What is the function of the Omohyoid muscle?
Depresses, retracts and steadies the hyoid bone.
37
What condition does paralysis of serratus anterior result in?
"Winged Scapula"
38
What intercostal space is the triangle of auscultation superior to?
6th intercostal space
39
Injury to what nerve results in "Winged Scapula"?
Injury to the Long Thoracic Nerve.
40
What is the source of blood supply to the Trapezius?
Transverse cervical artery/vein
41
What two muscles does the Accessory Nerve (CN XI) innervate?
Trapezius and Sternocleidomastoid
42
What is a dermatome?
A unilateral area of skin innervated by the nerve fibers of a single spinal nerve that originated from a single spinal cord segment.
\*Segments of the spinal cord **_sensory_** to specific body areas.
43
What are myotomes?
Spinal nerves innervating groups of muscles.
44
What landmark dermatome corresponds with C5?
Shoulder
45
What landmark dermatome corresponds with C6?
Thumb
46
What landmark dermatome corresponds with C7?
Middle finger
47
What landmark dermatome corresponds with C8?
Little finger (pinky)
48
What landmark dermatome corresponds with T4?
Nipple
49
What landmark dermatome corresponds with T10?
Umbilicus (belly button)
50
What landmark dermatome corresponds with L5?
Medial foot
| (dorsal surface/top)
51
What landmark dermatome corresponds with S1?
Lateral Leg/Lateral Foot
52
What spinal cord/nerve segments are tested when using the reflex hammer on the tendons of the biceps (biceps brachii)?
C5: Upper extremity abductors
C6: Forearm flexors
53
What spinal cord/nerve segments are tested when using the reflex hammer on the tendons of the brachioradialis?
C5 & C6
Forearm flexors, forearm pronators
54
What spinal cord/nerve segments are tested when using the reflex hammer on the tendons of the triceps brachii?
C7: Forearm extensor, Wrist extensors, Finger Extensors
55
What spinal cord/nerve segments are tested when using the reflex hammer on the tendons of the quadriceps?
L3 & L4:
Leg extension (knee jerk reflex)
56
What spinal cord/nerve segments are tested when using the reflex hammer on the tendons of the Achilles?
S1 & S2:
Foot plantar flexors & Toe flexors
57
What spinal cord segment(s) supplies motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
C8 / T1
| (ulnar nerve)
58
What spinal cord segment(s) supplies motor innervation to the anal sphincter?
S2, S3, & S4
59
What spinal cord segment(s) and muscle groups are responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?
L4 & L5
Anterior tibial muscles
60
What spinal cord segment(s) and muscle groups are responsible for plantar flexion of the foot?
S1 & S2
Posterior tibial muscles & Achilles tendon
61
Whta are the two main joints?
* Synarthroses
* together joints
* Diarthroses (aka synovial joints)
* moveable joints
62
How do Synarthroidal joints differ from Diarthroidal joints?
* Synarthroidal joints are separated by connective tissue
* limited movement
63
How do Diarthroidal joints differ from Synarthroidal joints?
* Diarthroidal joints have:
* synovial space (articular cavity)
* synovial fluid
* synovial membrane
* articular surface (hyaline cartilage)
64
What are the three types of Synarthroidal joints?
1. Syndesmosis
2. Synchondrosis
3. Synostosis
65
Describe Syndesmosis joints.
* Fibrous joint with heavy connective tissue
66
What are two examples of Syndesmosis joints discussed in class?
1. Suture (skull)
2. Interosseous membrane (between radius/ulna)
67
Describe Synchondrosis joints.
Cartilaginous joint
-contains glossy hyaline cartilage
(chondro = cartilage)
68
What are three examples of Synchondrosis joints discussed in class?
* Epiphysial plate in head of femur
* primary cartilaginous joint
* hyaline cartilage in grwoing children
* Intervertebral disc between vertebra of spine
* secondary cartilaginous joint
* fibrocartilage
* Symphysis
* secondary cartilaginous joint
* fibrocartilage
69
Describe Synostosis joints.
* Bony joint
* two bones are joined together by bone
* joint that originally was fibrous/cartilaginous, but replaced by bone upon cessation of growth
70
What are two examples of Synostosis joints discussed in class?
1. Frontal bones → frontal suture
2. Epiphyseal plate
71
What are the six types of Diarthrodial (synovial) joints?
1. Plane joints
2. Hinge joints\*\*\*
3. Saddle joints
4. Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints
5. Ball and socket joints\*\*\*
6. Pivot joints
72
Describe hinge joints.
Permit flexion and extension only.
ex. humeroulnar joint at the elbow
73
Describe ball and socket joints.
Multiaxial articulations.
ex. hip joint, shoulder
74
What is a bursa?
"Purse-like" structure
Closed sac/cavity of serous membrane that produces synovial fluid
75
What is the function of bursa?
* Reduce friction between structures
* Frequently communicate with the synovial cavity of an adjacent joint
76
Describe Synovial tendon sheaths (serous membranes).
* Inner layer: Visceral layer
* attaches to tendon
* Synovial fluid between
* Outer layer: Parietal layer
77
What is the function of synovial tendon sheaths?
* Reduce friction
* Allow free movement of the tendons over bone or joints
78
What is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane?
Synovitis
79
What is the medical term for inflammation of a bursa?
Bursitis
80
What is the medical term for inflammation of a joint?
Arthritis
81
What does subluxation mean?
Incomplete dislocation
82
