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HUBS 192 > WEEK 1 - SKIN > Flashcards

WEEK 1 - SKIN Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 8 functions of skin?

A
  1. protect - underlying tissue fr impact/ebrasion/loss
  2. excrete - salt water waste
  3. maintain body temp - insultation or evapourative
  4. produce melanin - UV protection
  5. produce keratin - abrasion protection/ water repel
  6. synthesise vitamin D
  7. stores lipids
  8. detects pain/pressure/touch/temp
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2
Q

how many tissue types can be found in skin?

A

all - connective, epthielial, muscle, and nervous, BUT mostly epithelial

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3
Q

what are the three layers of the skin in order?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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4
Q

what are the feautres of the epidermis?

A
  • stratified barrier
  • mostly keratinocytes
  • no circulation (avascular)
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5
Q

what are the features of the dermis?

A
  • protein fibres for strength
  • vascular (nourished epidermis)
  • doesnt shed
  • has two layers
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6
Q

what are the features of the hypodermis?

A
  • adipose tissue (insulation)

- ‘subcutaneous’ (under the skin)

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7
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and reticular (proteins/elastin)

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8
Q

what are the 4/5 layers of the epidermis?

A 
stratum cornea (horny layer) 
[stratum lucidum - only in thick skin]
stratum granulosum 
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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9
Q

what are the features of the stratum cornea?

A

it can be renewed

it is made of dead/dried cells with no nuclei

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10
Q

what are the features of the stratum granulosum?

A

promotes dehydration, waxy material

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11
Q

what are the features of the stratum spinosum?

A

spiny bridge-like desmosomes - intercellular bridges.

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12
Q

what are the features of the stratum basale?

A

tall column structures, regenrative cells.

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13
Q

what does ‘keratinocyte conveyor’ mean?

A

infections and other unwanted material will be moved out pf the skin as cells are constantly being made and moved to the epidermis to be removed.

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14
Q

what are the 6 types of epithelial cell?

A

simple OR stratified

squamous/cuboidal/columnar

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15
Q

what tupe of epithelial cell is the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of thick skin?

A

it has a large stratum corneum
no hair
special layer - stratum lucidum

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17
Q

what are the charactistics of aging skin?

A
  • thin epidermis
  • thin dermis (reduced collagen, wrinkling/sagging)
  • slow repair
  • dry epidermis (less sebum)
  • less sweat, impaired cooling
  • less pigmentation
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18
Q

why is smoking thought to age skin quicker?

A

vasoconstriction - less blood to skin for repair/growth.

reactive oxygen damages collagen and elastin.

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19
Q

what are the skins acessory structures?

A 
hair
acne
sweat glands
receptors
nails
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20
Q

what are the characterisitcs of hair?

what are the 4 things that hair consists of?

A
  • loated all over body

- consists of hair shaft, hair follicle, erector pili muscle, sebaceous gland (produces sebum)

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21
Q

what is acne?

A

blockage of hair follicles and infection.

- increased sebum increases acne risk

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22
Q

what are the two types of sweat gland?

A
  • accrine (salty): everywhere, thermoregulation

- apocrine (oily): specialised, deep in skin next to follicle.

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23
Q

what are the three types of receptors?

A

tactile, lamellar, bulbous

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24
Q

what ius the function of the nails?

A

protect fingertips, enhance sensation

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25
why is skin pigmented and what are the things involved?
melanin pigment absorbs UV light and so protected the skin. | Melanin is produced in melanocytes and tranfered to epidermal cells by melansomes (vesicles containing melanin)
26
what is a melansome?
a vesicle containing melanin that tranfers it from melanocytes to epidermal cells.
27
where is melanin produced?
melanocytes
28
what is a mole?
a cluster of melanocytes. overproliferation from sun exposure.
29
what is a freckle?
melanocytes overproducing melanosomes. overproduction triggered by sun exposure
30
where are melanocytes found?
In the stratum basale (epidermis) so they are not shed.
31
what varies between races to cause difference in pigmentation?
production of melansomes, not the density.
32
what does vitamin D do?
calcium metabolism and mood
33
what causes the syntehsis of vitamin d and who is more susceptable to deficiencies?
sun exposure is needed. highly pigmented people are more susceptable to vit d deficiencies if they arent in the sun enough.
34
what is caused by vit d deficiency?
ricketts - weak bones due to lack of calc metabolism.
35
what happens when pale people live in high sun exposure areas?
skin cancer
36
what happens when dark people live in areas with little sun exposure?
ricketts
37
what are the 2 types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.
38
explain basal cell carcinoma:
- common but relatively benign - originates in stratum basale - very rarely metastic
39
explain malignant melanoma:
- rare but deadly if not treated - orgiignates in melanocytes - highly metastic (spreads fast and far) - the bigger the tumour, the higher the chance of dying - the deeper it is the more dangerous
40
why are malignant melanoma so dangerous?
the deeper they get, they may reach the dermis which has circulation allowing it to spread into the blood and arround the body.
41
explain what tattoos are:
ink that is captured around the immune cells and scar tissue in the dermis. Pigment sometimes is deposited in the lymph nodes.
42
what type of junction connects the epidermis and the dermis?
hermidesmosomes
43
what are the type of junction that connects adjacent cells?
desmosomes
44
what are the features of free nerve endings?
- most common receptor - unmyelinated - has sensory terminals at distal ends that act as cation channels - wrap around hair follicles to feel movement
45
what are the five types of receptors in the skin?
- free nerve endings - tactile discs - tactile corpuscles - lamellae corpuscles - bulbous corpuscles
46
what do free nerve endings feel?
temp, pain, movement, pressure, itch,
47
what are the features of tactile discs?
- a type of free nerve ending located in the deepest layer of the epidermis - communicates with tactile epithelial cells and nerve endings possibly through seratonin - lots in finger tips - have a small receptor feild so good at feeling texture, edges, fine touch, light pressure
48
what are the features of the tactile corpuscles?
- in the papillary layer of the dermis - mostly hairless skin - encapsuled in connective tissue capsule - deformation of capsule triggers entry of Na+ ions intro terminal triggering APs
49
what do tactile corpuscles sense?
fine touch, light pressure, low frequency vibrations
50
what are the features of the lamellae corpuscles?
- deep in the hypodermis and dermis - single dendrite within collagen fibre layers - layers seperated by gelatanous fluid - pressure senisitve Na+ channels in axon
51
what do lammelae corpuscles sense?
deep pressure and vibration
52
what are the features of bulbous corpuscles?
- dermis in subcutaneous tissue | - network of nerve endings entertwined with fibres.
53
what do bulbous corpuscles feel?
sustained deep pressure, stretching or distortion of skin, in joints to tell degree of rotation, grip in fingers.
54
what is the optimal body temp range?
36.5 - 37.5
55
what are the four primary mechanisms of heat?
radiation, evapouration, convection, conduction
56
what do the eccrine sweat glands do?
- loose heat through evapouration - glands are deep in the dermis - controlled by sympathetic nerve system releasing acetylcoline - can also be stimulated by adrenaline
57
when the body temp increases what can happen?
- vasodilation: loosing heat through convection/conduction/evapourationn surface of skin - sweat - respiratory rate increases (evapouration through mouth) - behavioural changes
58
when in hot temperatures, which heat mechanisms stop working?
radiation, convection, conduction. because the external environement is hotter than the body.
59
what happens when the body temp falls?
heat gain centre is activated: - shivering thermogenesis - nonshivering thermogenesis - vasomotor centre decrease heat to the dermis cing radiation/convection loss. - increased basal metabolic rate due to high levels of thyroxine.
60
what is shivering?
contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles by muscle spindles (stretch receptors)
61
what is non-shivering thermogenesis?
increased nerve activity and more adrenaline, more metabolism. this works to generate heat. heat is also produced instead of ATP.
62
what things can be a result of burns?
dehydration, infection, shock, hypothermia
63
what are 1st degree burns?
outer layer of epidermis, 3-10 day recovery
64
what are 2nd degree burns?
epidermis and dermis, 1-2 weeks recovery, scarring
65
what are 3rd degree burns?
subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and bone. nerve endings are killed so no pain weeks and months to recover, extensive scarring, skin grafts may be needed.
66
what a person is burned they loose a lot of: | so you need to:
fluid. calculate the surface % that the burn is taking up and then find the amount of fluid they need daily to rehydrate.
67
what is the sensor and control centre of core body temp?
hypothalamus
68
what does exocrine mean?
secretes into epithelium rather than directly into blood

HUBS 192 (7 decks)

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