week 1- textbook notes

Question 1

Interfaces between tissue where large difference in impedance occurs, ___ results

Answer 1

bright echoes (specular reflectors)

Question 2

An area on the image that has no echo is termed

Answer 2

anechoic

Question 3

An aread with weak or low echo is termed

Answer 3

hypoehoic

Question 4

A structure is of equal echogenicity to adjacent soft tissue it is described as

Answer 4

isoechoic

Question 5

Normal tendons appear as

Answer 5

hyperechoic with fiber or fibrillar echotexture

Question 6

Best axis to image continuous tendon fibers

Answer 6

long axis (sagittal)

Question 7

proximal is seen on the __ side of the image

Answer 7

left

Question 8

distal is seen on the ___ side of the image

Answer 8

right

Question 9

Normal muscle tissue appears as ___

Answer 9

hypoechoic

Question 10

muscle tissue is separated by hyperechoic _____ which surrounds the hypoechoic muscle bundles

Answer 10

perimysium / fibroadipose septa

Question 11

Surface of bone or calcification is typically very ____ with posterior ___

Answer 11

hyperechoic

acoustic shadow

Question 12

what may appear if the bone is smooth and flat

Answer 12

posterior reverberation

Question 13

Hyaline cartilage covering the articular surface or bone is ___ and uniform, whereas fibrocartilage is ____

Answer 13

• hypoechoic

- hyperechoic

Question 14

Ligament appearance

Answer 14

hyperechoic, striated

Question 15

ligaments are ___ (more/ less) compact than tendons

Answer 15

more

Question 16

Ligaments connect two ___ structures

Answer 16

osseous (bones)

Question 17

identifying feature of peripheral nerves in short axis

Answer 17

honeycomb

Question 18

why do peripheral nerves appear both hyper and hypoechoic?

Answer 18

depends on their surrounding tissue

Question 19

Individual nerve fascicles are ___ (hyper/ hypoechoic) and surrounded by ____ connetive tissue epineurium

Answer 19

HYPOechoic

HYPERechoic

Question 20

epidermis and dermic appear

Answer 20

hyperechoic

Question 21

Tendons become more ____(hyper/hypoechoic) with an increased insonation angle

Answer 21

hypoechoic

Question 22

tissue is anisotropic if ____

Answer 22

properties change when measured from different directions.

Question 23

Because abnormal tendons and ligaments may also appear hypoechoic, it is important to focus on that segment of tendon or ligament that is____ to the ultrasound beam

Answer 23

perpendicular

Question 24

how to fix anisotrophy

Answer 24

angle along the long axis of the tendon/ ligament

Question 25

t/f: Anisotrophy is always a bad thing

Answer 25

FALSE | -can help distinguish the tendon/ ligament from hyperechoic fat

Question 26

what type of shadow is seen from objects with a small radius and rough surface

Answer 26

clean shadow

Question 27

what type of shadow is seen from objects with a large radius and smooth surface

Answer 27

dirty shadow

Question 28

what shadow may occur at the edge of a structure such as a torn achilles or patellar tendon

Answer 28

refractile

Question 29

when does posterior acoustic enhancement/ increased through transmission occur

Answer 29

when imaging fluid

Question 30

what artifact occurs when the surface is smooth and flat such as a metal object or surface of bone

Answer 30

posterior reverberation

Question 31

how can beam width artifact be reduced

Answer 31

adjusting focal zone to be at levelof object of interest

Question 32

what two artifacts are a form of posterior reverb

Answer 32

- comet tail | - ring down

Question 33

what US technique is helpful in imaging an entire muscle from origin to insertion (measuring large abnormalities)

Answer 33

extended field of view

Question 34

alternative technique to extended field of view

Answer 34

split screen | -joins two images on the display & double field of view

Question 35

refractile shadowing common with ___ surfaces

Answer 35

curved

Question 36

what artifact is caused by returning sound waves that are passed between 2 tissues with remarkably different speeds

Answer 36

time of flight artifact

Question 37

if the speed of sound is less than the average in the tissue, the artifact will appear ___ the transducer

Answer 37

farther away from

Question 38

if speed of sound is more than the average in tissue, the artifact will appear ____ the transducer

Answer 38

closer to

Question 39

time of flight artifact occurs most often when imaging what type of pt and why

Answer 39

obese | -more fat-muscle interfaces

Question 40

small calcifications are common with ___ type of artifact

Answer 40

beam width

Question 41

heel-toe rocking of transducer fixes ___ artifact

Answer 41

anisotropy

Question 42

stand off pad or changing the angle of incidence fixes ___ artifact

Answer 42

reverberation

Question 43

compound imaging or use of harmonics helps to reduce or eliminate ___ artifact

Answer 43

refractile

Question 44

changing the angle of incidence helps to fix ___ artifact

Answer 44

time of flight

Question 45

beams produced at several angles and combined together forming one image

Answer 45

spatial compounding

Question 46

advantage of spatial compounding

Answer 46

improves tissue plane definition

Question 47

disadvantage of harmonics

Answer 47

- depth of penetration suffers | - lose grey matter (looks black & white)

Question 48

t/f: harmonic signals are present during the transmission

Answer 48

FALSE`

Question 49

harmonic signals are formed ___ tissue

Answer 49

within

Question 50

harmonic signals ___(are/are not) linear sound propagations

Answer 50

not

Question 51

harmonics improve what resolution

Answer 51

axial and lateral

Question 52

hyperemic means

Answer 52

increased vascularity

Question 53

significant advantage of US over other imaging methods

Answer 53

dynamic capabilities