Week 10 Flashcards
(27 cards)
What are the four developmental domains?
physical (motor), cognitive, social and emotional, language and communication
What are fine motor skills?
Small movements in the hands, wrists, fingers, feet, toes, lips and tongue
What are gross motor movements?
Development of muscles that enable babies to hold up their heads, sit and crawl, and eventually run, jump and skip
On average, how long does it take before we can walk?
~1 years old
Explain First child syndrome and why this occurs
Motor skills for the first born develop later than other children in the family
why?
Parental contact (cuddled a lot)
Sensitive period
Not as much exposure to stimulus to do activities on their own
With more experience, parents do this less with the following children
More exposure to stimuli (e.g., toys, furniture), faster you will develop the skill
Why can’t we walk immediately after birth?
Bones not fully developed
We are born before being fully developed (our systems are still developing)
Body proportions (head ¼ body size), lots of wobbling
What are some characteristics in early walking?
Short steps
Little leg and hip extension
Flat footed standing
Toes point out
Feet far apart
Little trunk rotation
Arms in “high guard”
Bad balance due to proportions of body, muscles, bones, systems developing
In cognitive stage of learning
What are the two types of grips?
Power grip sand precision grips
What are power grips?
Grabbing doors
Cylnidrical (1-1.5 years)
Spherical, hook, lateral prehension
What are precision grips?
Writing, surgery
Pinch grip, develops later on in childhood
It is best to design things bigger and lighter weight for children to make it easier for them to use
Explain grasping in child development
Takes a long time to develop
Takes 4.5-7 years for fine motor control to develop
Important to create environments specific to the population you are looking at, adjust projects to make it easier for them to complete
What is our visual acuity across childhood?
Birth: 20/800
1 year: 20/100
5 years: 20/30
10 years: 20/20
Explain how we develop vision
Vision corrects our movements, from correct grip size, etc., but is bad when born
Takes 5 – 10 years to have avg adult visual acuity
Takes a long time for the colour to develop (RBY early years, subtle colours take a long to see)
Stick with simple colours when designing a toy
Explain the results of the visual cliff study
If they cannot perceive depth - they will crawl across no problem
If they can perceive - they will stop and recognize risk
Depth perception can take up to 14 months to develop
Some infants can walk before they can perceive depth
What features should be included when designing infant toys?
Colourful (primary colours - red, blue, yellow)
Simple shapes
Big distinct shapes
Soft
Fit the grasp
Gross motor skills (no fine motor skill requirement)
Large objects should require a power, rather than a precision grip
What is the hierarchical task analysis?
The HTA describes an activity in terms of its specific goals,tasks, subtasks and operations
Explain the terminology for the HTA
Goal: the overall purpose
Task: major activities
Subtasks: very specific components of each task (reach out of pocket to get wallet)
Operation: simple task performed, lowest level single action ( raising arm, grab with fingers)
What are the steps to carrying out a research study involving humans?
- Define the overall goal of the research
- Determine the type of research question for the study
- Determine the scope, time frame and sample
- Determine stop criteria
- List ethical considerations
- Choose your collection method and tools
- Make a structure for your data collection
- Recruit or select participants
- Pilot test the data collection and tweak
- Carry out the collection
- Analyze data
- Present your findings
What is a stakeholder?
A person and/or a group that make a special interest in your project (business)
Anyone that may be impacted by the outcome of your project
What is the difference between stakeholders and users?
Stakeholder: who has something at stake in engineering design
User: who uses the design
Users can be stakeholders
What are the Process Steps
- Evaluate the current system status
- Identify known and potential problems and issue s
- Apply measures to quantify worker health and system performance
- Possible improvement ideas - check!
- Evaluate each improvement option
Use the same indicators and qualitative info 6.Check with users - Revise ideas
Recommend best options
What are the steps for system analysis
- Define your system
-What are the boundaries?- What is inside the system?
- Inputs and outputs?
- Evaluate system performance
- think productivity, quality, and other aspects
- Evaluate the operator’s well-being
- pain, risk factors, Satisfaction
Who/What should be taken into account when evaluating the current scenario of a system
Management
Visual Inspection
Operators
Supervisors
Measurement
Documentation & Records
USERS of all types
Trials, User Tests & Experiments
What are some wualitative methods for collecting data?
Interviews
Focus Group
Surveys (open-ended questions)
Comment boxes
Participant observation filed notes
