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SEM 1 > Week 10: Common Childhood Illnesses > Flashcards

Week 10: Common Childhood Illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

What is nasopharyngitis?

A

common cold
caused by viruses (influenza, RSV…)

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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of nasopharyngitis?

A

stuffy, runny nose
scratchy tickly throat
sneezing
watering eyes
low grade fever
sore throat
mild hacking cough
achy muscles/bones

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3
Q

NC: Nasopharyngitis

A

tx at home
promote comfort
educate on signs of complications

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4
Q

What is RSV (Respiratory Synctal Virus)?

A

common cause of bronchitis
high risk kids need tx for RSV once a month during RSV season (Nov-Apr)
spreads by touching (lives on hard surfaces for 6+hours)
tx is to relieve symptoms
antibiotics have no effect

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5
Q

What vaccine is givven to prevent severe RSV?

A

palivizumab

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6
Q

What is influenza?

A

flu
caused by orthomyxoviruses (TA/B/C)

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of influenza?

A

fever/feverish chills
cough
sore throat
runny/stuffy nose
muscle/body aches
headaches
fatigue

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8
Q

NC: Influenza

A

rest
fluids (water)
mediction (tx of fever/aches)

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9
Q

How can you prevent influenza?

A

yearly vaccines (flu shot)

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10
Q

What are the types of flu vaccines available for children?

A

annual flu shot (6mo +)

  • injectable influenza vaccine (IIV4), for young people 6mo+
  • live attentuated influenxa vaccine (LAIV4), nasal spray for 2yrs-49yrs, non-pregnant ppl
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11
Q

What are emergency warning signs of the flu?

A

fast/troubled breathing
bluish lips/face
ribs pulling in with each breath
chest pain
severe muscle pain (child refuses to walk)
dehydration (no tears, dry mouth, no pee 8+hours)
not alert, not interacting when awake
seizures
fever: 104F+/ present in <12w kids
fever/ cough (imrpoves but then returns/worsens)
worsening of chronic medical conditions

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12
Q

What is Acute Otitis Media (AOD)?

A

inflammation in middle ear d/t cold/sore throat/respiratory infection

etiology/pathophysiology (when bacteria/virus infect and trap fluid behind eardrum, causing pain/bulging of ear drum)

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13
Q

Management of AOD?

A

pharmacological: antibiotics, pain-relief
surgical: placement of ear tubes (drainage + prevent buildup)

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14
Q

How can you prevent AOD?

A

pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine

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15
Q

Risk factors for AOD?

A

secondhand tobbaco smoke
preschool, daycare attendance
bottle feeding
pacifier use
allergies
esophageal reflex
siblings w/ ear infections
congential/autoimmune disease
chromosomal abnormalities
carniofacial abnormalities (cleft lip, down syndrome)
lower socioeconomic status (poor housing, diet, access to care)

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16
Q

NC: AOD

A

pain relief
facilitate drainage
prevent complications/reoccurence
education

  • have child sit up/raise head on pillow, lie on unaffected side
  • heat application
    -diet, fluid intake
  • hygiene HH
    -monitor hearing loss
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17
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the breathing tubes –> increased music production, narrowing airways

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18
Q

What is bronchitis caused by?

A

infections
physical/chemical agents (dust, allergens, fumes, tobbaco)
cold

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19
Q

S/S of Bronchitis?

A

cough
production of musuc (clear, white, yellow-grya, green, bloody streak-R)
fatigue
SOB
slight fever/chills

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20
Q

NC: Bronchitis

A

avoid exposure to second hand smoke
cough medicine
humidify air
medicine (fever, pain)
quit smoking

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21
Q

What medication should you avoid if you have bronchitis?

A

antihistamines

they dry up the secretions and cacan make the cough worse

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22
Q

What is Asthma?

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of airways; airways swell & narrow, produce extra muscus (broncial hyperresponsiveness). makes breathing difficult, triggering coughing, wheezing, SOB

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23
Q

What are triggers for asthma?

A

infections
allergies
exercise, weather
smoke, fumes, pollution
medicine (anti-inflammatory pain killers- ibuprofen, aspirin)
emotions (stress, laughter)

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24
Q

What are S/S of asthma?

A

SOB
chest tightness/pain
wheezing when exhaling
trouble sleeping
couching/wheezing worsened by infections

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25
Q

Medication Therapy for Asthma

A

1:bronchodilators
2;Anti-inflammatories (streoidal)
3:eukotrine modifiers
4: cromolyn sodium

-long tem control meds: singulair, flovent, advairm pulmicort, symbicort, QVAR
-quick relief: albuterol, ipratropium bromide, inhaler, corticosteriods, cromolyn sodium, levalbuterol, terbutaline, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers

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26
Q

NC: Asthma

A

acute ashtma care

long-term:
- avoid allergens
- relieve bronchospasm
- teaching adminsitration of meds

27
Q

Outline the steps of using a puffer with a spacer

A

shake inhaler (3-4x)
remove caps
put inhaler into spacer
breath out away from spacer
bring spaver to mouth, put mouth piece between teeth
press inhaler once
breath in very slowly for a full breath (whistling means you are too fast)
hold breath for 10 secs then breathout
wait 30 secs between puffs and shake inhaler if need to repeat

28
Q

Warning signs of respiratory complication in kids less than 3mo

A

trouble breathing
not eating/vomiting
fever (38.5+)

29
Q

Warning signs of respiratory complication in kids of any age

A

rapid breathing, increased work
blue lips
coughing hard (choking/vomiting)
eyes dried with yellow pus after sleep
sleepier than usually (doesn’t play,feed, fussy, unable to be comforted)

30
Q

What are some physiological pediatric GI differences?

A

mouth highly vascular
lower esophageal spincter muscle tone not developed until 1 mo
stomach capacity increases w/ age
intestinal growth spurts @ 1-3 yrs & 15-16yrs
less able to recieve and transform nutrients (immature system)
digestive enzyme are not plentiful/efficient
digestive capacity weak/impaired d/t diet or stressors
ingestion of incomplete chewing puts stress on GI + immune system

31
Q

Types of Dehydration

A

isotonic: water + salt are lost in equal amounts
hypotonic: electrolyte deficit > water deficit
hypertonic: water deficit> electrolyte deficit

32
Q

S/S of dehydration

A

dark coloured urine
increased urination
headache
fatigue
dry skin
decreased skin turgor

33
Q

NC: Dehydration

A

oral fluid therapy, paraentral fluid therapy
treat underlying cause

34
Q

What is the leading cause of illness in children under 5?

A

diarhea

35
Q

What is chronic diarrhea?

A

increased stool frequency for 14+ days

36
Q

NC: diarrhea

A

F/E
rehydrate
adequate diet

37
Q

NC: Vomiting

A

detect + treat cause
prevent complications (dehydration)
provide fluids
antiemetic in some cases

38
Q

the 4/2/1 method is used for _____

A

daily fluid requirements

39
Q

What is a cleft lippalate?

A

facial malformation that occur during embryonic development

40
Q

NC: Cleft Lip/Palate

A

surfical correction- pre/post operative care

41
Q

How to breastfeed baby with cleft lip?

A

-breast tissue fiils the opening, seals off the mouth to create suction
- hold finger across cleft while baby feeds
- swallowing noises, weight gain = good feeding
- noisy feeding = improper suction

42
Q

how to bottle feed with a cleft lip?

A

bottles/nipples with wider base
hold baby upright when starting feed
touch baby’s lower lip with nipple
when baby latches, point the nipple downwards
keep nipple in the centre of baby’s mouth

43
Q

What is juvenile T1 DM?

A

autoimmune conditions
unknown cause
untreated= ketoacidosis

44
Q

How do you dx T1 DM?

A

fasting blood sugar reading og 7.00mmol-11.00mmol at any time of the day

45
Q

How do you manage T1 DM?

A

diet
exercise
insulin injections
monitoring

46
Q

What is a group of disordered movement, muslcle tone & posture associated w/ acitvity limitations attributed to permanent injury to the brain

A

cerebral palsy

47
Q

what condition is typically accompanied with CP?

A

epilepsy

48
Q

Prenatal abnormalities assoc w/ CP

A

gross abnormalities of the brain
vascular occlusion
laminar degeneration
effects of LBW
anoxia
hypoxic infraction, hemmorhage

49
Q

6 Attributes that need investigation assoc w/ CP

A

-early handedness in a child under 12mo
-stiffness/tightness in legs 6mo-12mo
-persistetnt fisting 4mo+
-persistant head lag 4m0+
-inability to sit w/o support in a child 9mo+
-asymmetry in posture movement

50
Q

Management of CP

A

-rehab
-pharmacological (pain tx, botulinum toxin A injections- reduces overactivity)
- neurosurgical
- orthopedic
- denta hygiene
- NMES

51
Q

Most common Congenital Heart Disease anomaly?

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

52
Q

what is the major cause of death in first year of life?

A

CHD

53
Q

What are defects that increased pulmonary blood flow?

A

1:atrial septal defect (ASD)
2:ventriculat septal defect (VSD)
3:patent ductus atreriosus (PDA)

  • mixing of o2 + non-o2 blood

more blood on R side, less systemic blood flow

54
Q

What are defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow?

A

tetralogy of fallot
- valve stenosis
- RV hypertrophy
- VSD (hole)
- override artery
tricuspid atresa

pressure increase r>l, desaturated blood in l side + systemic circulation

55
Q

CHD: Homecare Plan

A

recovery: 6-8weeks
no activity that can = fall/blow to chest
child should not cry for too long (3-4w)
don’t pull/lift child from arms/armpit area
limit feeding to 30m, dd extra calories to formula
check for infection

56
Q

CHD: The doctor should be contacted if ?

A

fever, n/v, chest-pain, redness, swelling, drainage, SOB, puffy eyes/face, blue-ish/gray skin, dizziness, fainting, heart palpitations, feeding issues, reduced appetite

57
Q

CHD: Pre-OP Procedure

A

explain procedure
child fasting
identifcation bracelet
pain assessment
blood tests
clear fluids given
pt is clean
consent

58
Q

CHD: Post-Op Procedure

A

oral fluids + light diet
urine passed post-op
IV fluids
I/O
antibiotics
VS, signs of infection

59
Q

abnormal hemoglobin causing RBC to become hard and sticky, crescent shapes

A

sickle cell

60
Q

what are the effects of sickle cell

A

the cells die early, always a reduced number of RBCs

clump up and clog blood flow in vessels –> pain, damage to nerves/organs. infection, acute chest syndrome, stroke

61
Q

What level of hemoglobin indicates Sickle Cell & Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

9-14 & 6-9

62
Q

S/S of Sickle Cell

A

painful episodes
hand-foot syndrome (swelling of fingers and toes)
acuse chest syndrome
anemia
avascular necrosis (death of bone tissue)
jaundice
priapism (pain in penis)
splenic sequestrian crises
infection
stroke
delayed grwoth
psycosocial issues

63
Q

7 Goals of Tx for Sickle Cell?

A

1: mgt vasoocclusice crisis
2: mgt chronic pain
3: mgr chronic hemolytic anemia
4: prevention + tx of infections
5: mgt of complications + organ damage syndromes
6: prevention of stroke
7: detect + treat pulmonary hypertension

64
Q

Treatment of Sickle Cell

A

hydorxyurea
penicillin/amoxicillin
immunization
transfusion
pain meds
hydration
comfort measures

SEM 1 (11 decks)

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