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SEM 1 > Week 10: Common Childhood Illnesses > Flashcards

Week 10: Common Childhood Illnesses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nasopharyngitis?

A

common cold
caused by viruses (influenza, RSV…)

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2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of nasopharyngitis?

A

stuffy, runny nose
scratchy tickly throat
sneezing
watering eyes
low grade fever
sore throat
mild hacking cough
achy muscles/bones

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3
Q

NC: Nasopharyngitis

A

tx at home
promote comfort
educate on signs of complications

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4
Q

What is RSV (Respiratory Synctal Virus)?

A

common cause of bronchitis
high risk kids need tx for RSV once a month during RSV season (Nov-Apr)
spreads by touching (lives on hard surfaces for 6+hours)
tx is to relieve symptoms
antibiotics have no effect

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5
Q

What vaccine is givven to prevent severe RSV?

A

palivizumab

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6
Q

What is influenza?

A

flu
caused by orthomyxoviruses (TA/B/C)

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7
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of influenza?

A

fever/feverish chills
cough
sore throat
runny/stuffy nose
muscle/body aches
headaches
fatigue

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8
Q

NC: Influenza

A

rest
fluids (water)
mediction (tx of fever/aches)

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9
Q

How can you prevent influenza?

A

yearly vaccines (flu shot)

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10
Q

What are the types of flu vaccines available for children?

A

annual flu shot (6mo +)

  • injectable influenza vaccine (IIV4), for young people 6mo+
  • live attentuated influenxa vaccine (LAIV4), nasal spray for 2yrs-49yrs, non-pregnant ppl
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11
Q

What are emergency warning signs of the flu?

A

fast/troubled breathing
bluish lips/face
ribs pulling in with each breath
chest pain
severe muscle pain (child refuses to walk)
dehydration (no tears, dry mouth, no pee 8+hours)
not alert, not interacting when awake
seizures
fever: 104F+/ present in <12w kids
fever/ cough (imrpoves but then returns/worsens)
worsening of chronic medical conditions

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12
Q

What is Acute Otitis Media (AOD)?

A

inflammation in middle ear d/t cold/sore throat/respiratory infection

etiology/pathophysiology (when bacteria/virus infect and trap fluid behind eardrum, causing pain/bulging of ear drum)

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13
Q

Management of AOD?

A

pharmacological: antibiotics, pain-relief
surgical: placement of ear tubes (drainage + prevent buildup)

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14
Q

How can you prevent AOD?

A

pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine

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15
Q

Risk factors for AOD?

A

secondhand tobbaco smoke
preschool, daycare attendance
bottle feeding
pacifier use
allergies
esophageal reflex
siblings w/ ear infections
congential/autoimmune disease
chromosomal abnormalities
carniofacial abnormalities (cleft lip, down syndrome)
lower socioeconomic status (poor housing, diet, access to care)

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16
Q

NC: AOD

A

pain relief
facilitate drainage
prevent complications/reoccurence
education

  • have child sit up/raise head on pillow, lie on unaffected side
  • heat application
    -diet, fluid intake
  • hygiene HH
    -monitor hearing loss
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17
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of the breathing tubes –> increased music production, narrowing airways

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18
Q

What is bronchitis caused by?

A

infections
physical/chemical agents (dust, allergens, fumes, tobbaco)
cold

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19
Q

S/S of Bronchitis?

A

cough
production of musuc (clear, white, yellow-grya, green, bloody streak-R)
fatigue
SOB
slight fever/chills

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20
Q

NC: Bronchitis

A

avoid exposure to second hand smoke
cough medicine
humidify air
medicine (fever, pain)
quit smoking

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21
Q

What medication should you avoid if you have bronchitis?

A

antihistamines

they dry up the secretions and cacan make the cough worse

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22
Q

What is Asthma?

A

chronic inflammatory disorder of airways; airways swell & narrow, produce extra muscus (broncial hyperresponsiveness). makes breathing difficult, triggering coughing, wheezing, SOB

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23
Q

What are triggers for asthma?

A

infections
allergies
exercise, weather
smoke, fumes, pollution
medicine (anti-inflammatory pain killers- ibuprofen, aspirin)
emotions (stress, laughter)

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24
Q

What are S/S of asthma?

A

SOB
chest tightness/pain
wheezing when exhaling
trouble sleeping
couching/wheezing worsened by infections

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25
Medication Therapy for Asthma
1:bronchodilators 2;Anti-inflammatories (streoidal) 3:eukotrine modifiers 4: cromolyn sodium -long tem control meds: singulair, flovent, advairm pulmicort, symbicort, QVAR -quick relief: albuterol, ipratropium bromide, inhaler, corticosteriods, cromolyn sodium, levalbuterol, terbutaline, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers
26
NC: Asthma
acute ashtma care long-term: - avoid allergens - relieve bronchospasm - teaching adminsitration of meds
27
Outline the steps of using a puffer with a spacer
shake inhaler (3-4x) remove caps put inhaler into spacer breath out away from spacer bring spaver to mouth, put mouth piece between teeth press inhaler once breath in very slowly for a full breath (whistling means you are too fast) hold breath for 10 secs then breathout wait 30 secs between puffs and shake inhaler if need to repeat
28
Warning signs of respiratory complication in kids less than 3mo
trouble breathing not eating/vomiting fever (38.5+)
29
Warning signs of respiratory complication in kids of any age
rapid breathing, increased work blue lips coughing hard (choking/vomiting) eyes dried with yellow pus after sleep sleepier than usually (doesn't play,feed, fussy, unable to be comforted)
30
What are some physiological pediatric GI differences?
mouth highly vascular lower esophageal spincter muscle tone not developed until 1 mo stomach capacity increases w/ age intestinal growth spurts @ 1-3 yrs & 15-16yrs less able to recieve and transform nutrients (immature system) digestive enzyme are not plentiful/efficient digestive capacity weak/impaired d/t diet or stressors ingestion of incomplete chewing puts stress on GI + immune system
31
Types of Dehydration
isotonic: water + salt are lost in equal amounts hypotonic: electrolyte deficit > water deficit hypertonic: water deficit> electrolyte deficit
32
S/S of dehydration
dark coloured urine increased urination headache fatigue dry skin decreased skin turgor
33
NC: Dehydration
oral fluid therapy, paraentral fluid therapy treat underlying cause
34
What is the leading cause of illness in children under 5?
diarhea
35
What is chronic diarrhea?
increased stool frequency for 14+ days
36
NC: diarrhea
F/E rehydrate adequate diet
37
NC: Vomiting
detect + treat cause prevent complications (dehydration) provide fluids antiemetic in some cases
38
the 4/2/1 method is used for _____
daily fluid requirements
39
What is a cleft lippalate?
facial malformation that occur during embryonic development
40
NC: Cleft Lip/Palate
surfical correction- pre/post operative care
41
How to breastfeed baby with cleft lip?
-breast tissue fiils the opening, seals off the mouth to create suction - hold finger across cleft while baby feeds - swallowing noises, weight gain = good feeding - noisy feeding = improper suction
42
how to bottle feed with a cleft lip?
bottles/nipples with wider base hold baby upright when starting feed touch baby's lower lip with nipple when baby latches, point the nipple downwards keep nipple in the centre of baby's mouth
43
What is juvenile T1 DM?
autoimmune conditions unknown cause untreated= ketoacidosis
44
How do you dx T1 DM?
fasting blood sugar reading og 7.00mmol-11.00mmol at any time of the day
45
How do you manage T1 DM?
diet exercise insulin injections monitoring
46
What is a group of disordered movement, muslcle tone & posture associated w/ acitvity limitations attributed to permanent injury to the brain
cerebral palsy
47
what condition is typically accompanied with CP?
epilepsy
48
Prenatal abnormalities assoc w/ CP
gross abnormalities of the brain vascular occlusion laminar degeneration effects of LBW anoxia hypoxic infraction, hemmorhage
49
6 Attributes that need investigation assoc w/ CP
-early handedness in a child under 12mo -stiffness/tightness in legs 6mo-12mo -persistetnt fisting 4mo+ -persistant head lag 4m0+ -inability to sit w/o support in a child 9mo+ -asymmetry in posture movement
50
Management of CP
-rehab -pharmacological (pain tx, botulinum toxin A injections- reduces overactivity) - neurosurgical - orthopedic - denta hygiene - NMES
51
Most common Congenital Heart Disease anomaly?
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
52
what is the major cause of death in first year of life?
CHD
53
What are defects that increased pulmonary blood flow?
1:atrial septal defect (ASD) 2:ventriculat septal defect (VSD) 3:patent ductus atreriosus (PDA) - mixing of o2 + non-o2 blood more blood on R side, less systemic blood flow
54
What are defects that decrease pulmonary blood flow?
tetralogy of fallot - valve stenosis - RV hypertrophy - VSD (hole) - override artery tricuspid atresa pressure increase r>l, desaturated blood in l side + systemic circulation
55
CHD: Homecare Plan
recovery: 6-8weeks no activity that can = fall/blow to chest child should not cry for too long (3-4w) don't pull/lift child from arms/armpit area limit feeding to 30m, dd extra calories to formula check for infection
56
CHD: The doctor should be contacted if ?
fever, n/v, chest-pain, redness, swelling, drainage, SOB, puffy eyes/face, blue-ish/gray skin, dizziness, fainting, heart palpitations, feeding issues, reduced appetite
57
CHD: Pre-OP Procedure
explain procedure child fasting identifcation bracelet pain assessment blood tests clear fluids given pt is clean consent
58
CHD: Post-Op Procedure
oral fluids + light diet urine passed post-op IV fluids I/O antibiotics VS, signs of infection
59
abnormal hemoglobin causing RBC to become hard and sticky, crescent shapes
sickle cell
60
what are the effects of sickle cell
the cells die early, always a reduced number of RBCs clump up and clog blood flow in vessels --> pain, damage to nerves/organs. infection, acute chest syndrome, stroke
61
What level of hemoglobin indicates Sickle Cell & Sickle Cell Anemia?
9-14 & 6-9
62
S/S of Sickle Cell
painful episodes hand-foot syndrome (swelling of fingers and toes) acuse chest syndrome anemia avascular necrosis (death of bone tissue) jaundice priapism (pain in penis) splenic sequestrian crises infection stroke delayed grwoth psycosocial issues
63
7 Goals of Tx for Sickle Cell?
1: mgt vasoocclusice crisis 2: mgt chronic pain 3: mgr chronic hemolytic anemia 4: prevention + tx of infections 5: mgt of complications + organ damage syndromes 6: prevention of stroke 7: detect + treat pulmonary hypertension
64
Treatment of Sickle Cell
hydorxyurea penicillin/amoxicillin immunization transfusion pain meds hydration comfort measures

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