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Head and Neck > Week 1.0 - Embryonic Overview > Flashcards

Week 1.0 - Embryonic Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 tissue systems are notably involved during the development of the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • Brain
  • CVS
  • Special Sensory organs
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2
Q

Describe the sections of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasal -> base of skull to soft palate
  • Oral -> Soft palate to larynx
  • Laryngeal -> Posterior larynx to oesophagus
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3
Q

What tissue first composes the pharyngeal arches? How do they initially appear?

A
  • Mesenchyme

- A series of mitotic divisions in the neck region of the embryo formed 5 external buldges

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4
Q

What 2 tissue structures contribute to the development of the head and neck?

A
  • Frontonasal prominence

- Pharyngeal arches

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5
Q

How are the pharyngeal arches numbered and why?

A

-The 5 arches are numbered 1-6 because the 5th does not form in humans

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6
Q

What causes the development of the frontonasal prominence?

A

-Growth of the neural tube in the cephalic region

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7
Q

What 3 specific features are associated with each pharyngeal arch?

A

-Each has an associated artery, cranial nerve and cartilage bar

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8
Q

In general, what happens to the cartilage bars associated with the pharyngeal arches?

A

-They are remodelled into skeletal structures

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9
Q

Describe the structure of a basic pharyngeal arch

A

-Mesenchymal core with an ectodermal outer covering and an endodermal lining

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10
Q

In basic terms, describe the formation of the neural tube

A
  • The notochord signals to the overlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm (neural plate).
  • Neuroectoderm proliferates and raises out of the plane of the trilaminar disc
  • The edges of the disc curl towards each other, fuse and form the neural tube
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11
Q

Describe the anatomical structure of the early neural tube

A
  • Anterior neural tube begins to form the brain by expanding into 3 vesicles which surround the lumen of the tube (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain)
  • The remainder of the neural tube contributes to the spinal cord
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12
Q

State the embryonic term for forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

A
  • Forebrain-> Prosencephalon
  • Midbrain -> Mesencephalon
  • Hindbrain -> Rhombencephalon
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13
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches?

A

-Complex tissue system which represent the embryonic head and neck

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14
Q

How does pharyngeal arch 1 differ from the rest?

A

-It has two prominents ;maxillary and mandibular

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15
Q

How do the arches get there associated nerves?

A

-Cranial nerves emerge from the neural tube and grow into their corresponding arch

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16
Q

What is a pharyngeal cleft?

A

-The groove between each arch

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17
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves?

A

-12

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18
Q

Which cranial nerves are derived from the mid- or hindbrain?

A

-All but CN I and II

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves are the nerves of the pharyngeal arches?

A

-CN V, VII, IX and X (XI and XII have a relationship with the arches but do not directly supply its derivatives)

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20
Q

Are the nerves of the pharyngeal arches sensory, motor or mixed?

A

-Mixed

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21
Q

From where is the facial skeleton derived?

A

-FNP and 1st pharyngeal arch

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22
Q

From where are the muscles of mastication derived?

23
Q

From where are the muscles of facial expression derived?

24
Q

Which CN supplies muscle of mastication?

Study These Flashcards
A

-Trigeminal (V)

25
Which CN supplies muscles of facial expression?
-Facial (CN VII)
26
What are the muscle derivatives of the 3rd Ph Arch?
-Stylophargyngeus
27
What are the muscle derivatives of the 4th Ph Arch?
- Cricothyroid - Levator Palatini - Constrictors of the pharynx
28
What are the muscle derivatives of the 6th Ph Arch?
-Intrinsic muscles of the larynx
29
Which nerve supplies the 1st pharyngeal arch?
-Trigeminal
30
Which CN supplies the 2nd Ph Arch?
-Facial
31
What is the sensory component of the facial nerve?
- Chorda Tympani -> supplies taste buds in anterior 2/3rd of tongue - General sensory to the auricle
32
What are the branches of trigeminal nerve?
- Ophthalmic - Maxillary - Mandibular
33
What are the branches of facial nerve?
- Temporal - Zygomastic - Buccal - Mandibular - Cervical
34
What is the CN of the 3rd Ph Arch? What are its related functions?
- CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) - Innervate stylopharyngeus - General sensory and special sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue
35
What is the CN of the 4th and 6th Ph Arch? Which branches to which arch?
- Vagus nerve - 4th by superior laryngeal nerve - 6th by recurrent laryngeal nerve
36
From where are the cartilage bars derived from?
-Neural crest
37
What is the name of the cartilage bar of the 1st Ph arch?
-Meckel's
38
What is the name of the cartilage bar of the 2nd Ph arch?
-Reichert's
39
Which Cartilage bars contribute to the cartilage of the larynx?
-4 and 6
40
Within the 1st Ph Arch, where does meckel's cartilage form?
-Within the mandibular prominence
41
What skeletal structure(s) does meckel's cartilage form?
- Malleus and Incus | - Template for mandible (which forms by membranous ossification)
42
What skeletal structure(s) does reichert's cartilage form?
- Stapes - Styloid process - Hyoid bone (lesser cornu and upper body)
43
What skeletal structure(s) does 3rd Ph cartilage form?
-Contributes to hyoid bone
44
What structure(s) do the 4th and 6th Ph cartilages form?
-Thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages
45
From where is the epiglottis dervided?
-Mesenchyme of 4th and 6th Ph Arch
46
Describe the fates of the aortic arches associated with each Ph Arch
- 1st and 2nd disappear - 3rd -> internal carotid - 4th -> arch of aorta (L) and brachiocephalic (R) - 6th -> Pulmonary arch
47
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?
-Under aortic arch
48
Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop?
-Right subclavian
49
What is a pharyngeal pouch?
-The groove between the endodermal lining of each arch
50
What is the derivative of the 2nd Ph pouch? How does it form?
- Palatine tonsil | - Epithelial proliferation followed by colonisation of lymphoid precursors
51
Describe the fates of the 3rd and 4th Ph pouches
- Split into dorsal and ventral compartments - 3 and 4D form the parathyroid gland - 3V forms the thymus
52
From where are the tympanic cavity and eustachian tube derived?
-1st Ph pouch derivatives
53
Describe the fates of the Ph clefts
- 1st is all that remains | - Remainder are obliterated by the growth of the 2nd Ph arch
54
Why can branchial cysts and fistulae form?
-Remnant of the pharyngeal clefts which can form anywhere along the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Head and Neck (18 decks)

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