Week 10: Hematology Flashcards
(73 cards)
What are Erythrocytes?
RBCs (Red Blood Cells)
What are Leukocytes?
WBCs (White Blood Cells)
What are Platelets?
Small cell fragments in blood that form CLOTS & stop/prevent BLEEDING
- Made in bone marrow (sponge-like tissue inside bones!)
HbS stands for…
Hemoglobin
HbC means…
hemoglobin C
What is sickle cell disease?
group of autosomal RECESSIVE disorders
What are the 3 types of sickle cell diseases (covered in class)?
- sickle cell anemia (HbS) MOST SEVERE
- sickle cell-thalassemia disease
- sickle cell-HbC disease
What is the MOST SEVERE type of sickle cell disease?
Sickle Cell Anemia
What is sickling?
Hemoglobin is abnormal, which causes the RBCs to become HARD & STICKY and look like a C-shaped farm tool called a “sickle.”
The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of RBCs.
When a cell turns from a regular circular shape to a crescent-looking shape…
What goes on in the sickling process? (3)
an occasional, intermitt. phenomenon…
- low PO2 in blood (hypoxemia)
- high H+ conc. in blood (low pH)
- high plasma osmolality; low plasma V; low temp.
“How does sickling cause damage to erythrocytes?” (3)
- MEMBRANE DERANGEMENTS occur b/c as HbS units grow, they PROTRUDE through membrane skeleton…causing changes in membrane structure!
- Membrane derangement = changes in ionic flow…
—–> influx in Ca++
—–> efflux of K+ & H2O - Damaged cells = end stage, non-deformable/STIFF & irreversible sickled cells :(
How can sickled erythrocytes regain normal shape? (3)
- reoxygenation
- return of PO2 –> normal
- rehydration
When is are sickled cells irreversible?
When there is permanent plasma membrane damage…b/c of sickling :(
**Hemoglobin structural alterations observed with sickle cell disease:
a) are irreversible
b) increase flexibility of erythrocytes
c) are stimulated by deoxygenation
d) are stimulated by alkalosis
C
**d would be correct if it said ACIDOSIS
What are the 4 general manifestations of sickling?
- pallor
- irritability
- fatigue
- jaundice
“pif-j”
Regarding sickling, what are the 4 Types of Crises?
- Vaso-occlusive crises
- Aplastic crisis
- Sequestration crisis
- Hyperhemolytic crisis
In terms of ACUTE manifestations of sickle cell disease, what are some things seen in the BRAIN? (4)
- thrombosis/hemorrhage
—-> causing paralysis, sensory deficits, or death :0
In terms of ACUTE manifestations of sickle cell disease, what are some things seen in the LUNGS? (3)
- Atelectasis (incomplete lung expansion)
- Infarction
- Pneumonia
In terms of ACUTE manifestations of sickle cell disease, what are some things seen in the ABDOMINAL ORGANS? (5)
- Acute hepatomegaly (enlarged liver b/c of underlying disease)
- gallstones
- splenic sequestration (too many blood cells get stuck in the spleen; EMERGENCY!!! usually w/ ppl who what sickle cell disease)
- splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
- Infarction (tissue death or necrosis due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area)
In terms of ACUTE manifestations of sickle cell disease, what are some things seen in the BONES & JOINTS? (1)**
- Hand-foot syndrome (painful swelling of hands and feet)
In terms of ACUTE manifestations of sickle cell disease, what are some things seen in the KIDNEYS? (1)
- Hematuria (blood in urine)
What is the MOST PROFOUND ISSUE when it comes to sickle cell disease?
Sticky RBCs get stuck in vasculature
Vasoocclusive crisis is also called:
pain crisis
What is vasooclusive crisis?
- sickling is in microcirculation
- EXTREMELY PAINFUL
- and symmetric