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PAT401 Advanced Pathotherapeutics > Week 6: Alterations of Pulmonary Function > Flashcards

Week 6: Alterations of Pulmonary Function Flashcards

1
Q

***What part of the COVID-19 virus structure causes infection?

A

Spike Protein (S)

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2
Q

***What makes the (S) Spike Protein so special?

A

It fuses into our cells, causing MASSIVE replication without recognition from our immune system.

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3
Q

more review What is the patho of COVID-19?

A
  • Hyperinflamm. response causes increased permeability of vascular & epithelial membranes, edema, & tissue necrosis (esp. lung tissue)
  • Hypercoagulable state like Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
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4
Q

***What are the non-respiratory symptoms of COVID-19?

A
  • (heart) inflammation/immune changes in myocardium; cardiomyocyte death
  • (brain) Neuro. inflammation.; brain damage @ parenchyma & cerebral vasculature
  • (kidneys) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI); especially in critically ill patients…
    nephrology –> acute tubular necrosis (ATN) –> glomerulosclerosis
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5
Q

What does ARDS stand for?

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

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6
Q

What is ARDS? (2)

A
  • acute lung inflammation
  • diffuse alveolocapillary injury
    …because of direct pulm. injury/severe sys. infection
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7
Q

TRUE or FALSE: ARDS is potentially deadly

A

TRUE

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Since COVID-19 emerged, there has been a decrease in ARDS cases globally

A

FALSE

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8
Q

What is seen in ARDS? (2)

A
  • acute onset of BILATERAL INFILTRATES on chest x-ray (ex. pulmonary edema)
  • persistent hypoxemia even though O2 is given :(
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8
Q

What does PARDS stand for?

A

PEDIATRIC acute respiratory distress syndrome

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8
Q

_______ & ________ cause direct lung injury in PARDS (?)

A

COVID-19 & pneumonia

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8
Q

more review What is the patho of ARDS?

A
  • Inflammatory response
    —–infiltration of macrophages…activation of complement/clotting system “cytokine storm”
    —— Results in diffuse alveolar & micro. vas. DAMAGE and THROMBOSIS
    ——- Fluid LEAKS into pulm. interstitium…so V/Q mismatch & hypoxemia
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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of ARDS?

A
  • Exudative (inflammatory)
  • Proliferative
  • Fibrotic
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8
Q

**In ARDS, during the _________ stage, there is severe _____________.

A

Fibrotic stage, RIGHT to LEFT shunting

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9
Q

What are the key clinical manifestations of ARDS? (5)

A
  • Dyspnea, hypoxemia
  • Initial hyperventilation & resp. Alkalosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
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10
Q

What is Glomerulosclerosis?

A

Glomerulosclerosis is scarring of the filtering part of the kidneys (glomerulus). This causes a loss of protein into the urine. These proteins help fluid stay within the blood vessels. Without them, fluid leaks into the nearby tissue causing swelling.

11
Q

COVID-19 transmission consists of:

A

Droplet (ex. cough, sneeze, talking)
Aerosol :0
**symptomatic = MOST infectious

12
Q

What is COVID-19’s incubation period?

A

up to 1 week

13
Q

**What is the key concept in COVID-19 in children?

A

It’s mild for kids usually, but some may develop serious illness…
- Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)*****

14
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of COVID-19? (6)

A
  • myalgias (muscle ache/pain)
  • fever
  • cough
  • fatigue
  • SOB
  • loss of smell/taste
15
Q

In COVID-19, what are the primary causes of mortality? (2)

A

Respiratory failure & septic shock

16
Q

Name the 2 monoclonal antibodies drugs

A

TixageviMAB & CilgaviMAB

17
Q

Which drug (s) does/do Ontario NOT recommend anymore for preventing COVID?

A

TixageviMAB & CilgaviMAB

18
Q

What is the use of TixageviMAB & CilgaviMAB?

A
  • prevent COVID
  • pre-exposure to COVID
19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of TixageviMAB & CilgaviMAB?

A
  • attach to receptor-binding portion of COVID spike protein
    —> This combo of drugs BLOCKS virus’ interaction w/ HUMAN ACE 2 receptor req. for viral fusion w/ host cell
20
Q

What are the side effects of TixageviMAB & CilgaviMAB? (3)

A
  • hypersensitivity
  • anaphylaxis
  • injection site reaction
21
Q

Name the 2 antiviral drugs to treat COVID:

A

Nirmatrelvir & Ritonavir

22
Q

What is the use of Nirmatrelvir & Ritonavir?

A

Treats mild/moderate COVID
—> (+) test
—> HIGH RISK of getting severe COVID…(hospital/death)

:) stops virus from multiplying
:) decreases severe outcomes

23
Q

*****What are the age groups that can take antivirals? (Nirmatrelvir & Ritonavir)?

A
  • 60+
  • 18+ immunocompromised
  • 18-59 & HIGHER risk of severe COVID (1+ comorbidity; inadequate immunity; unvaxxed/incomplete series…OR had COVID/infection 6+ months ago)
24
Q

What is DIC stand for?

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

PAT401 Advanced Pathotherapeutics (11 decks)

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