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unit 3 microbio > week 10 lecture 1 and 2 > Flashcards

week 10 lecture 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does virus phylogeny rely on?

A

genomic-sequencing

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2
Q

what characteristics of viruses can they be classified by?

A
  • nucleic acid types
  • presence or absence of an envelope
  • capsid symmetry
  • dimensions of virion and capsid
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3
Q

how do we classify viruses into groups of viruses?

A
  • by the manner of their mRNA synthesis using the Baltimore classification system
  • classifies viruses into seven groups based on their genome structure and how they replicate
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4
Q

ss? ds?
+ ? -?

A

single and double-stranded
- positive is the coding strand, sense strand, and positive strand
- negative: template

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5
Q

what is Group 1 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing? disease

A

Double-stranded DNA
dsDNA-> mRNA
small pox

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6
Q

What is Group 2 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing? disease

A

HPV
single-stranded DNA
+ssDNA -> dsDNA -> mRNA

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7
Q

What is Group 3 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing? Disease

A

ds RNA
dsRNA ->mRNA
rotavirus

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8
Q

disease? What is Group 4 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing?

A

covid
+ssRNA
+ssRNA -> -ssRNA -> mRNA

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9
Q

disease?What is Group 5 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing?

A

measles
-ssRNA
- ssRN -> mRNA

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10
Q

disease? What is Group 6 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing?

A
  • HIV
    +ssRNA-RT(single-stranded RNA with reverse transcriptase)
    +ssRNA-> dsRNA–(RT)–> dsDNA0> mRNA
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11
Q

Disease? What is Group 7 of the Baltimore system? Genetic material processing?

A

Hepatitis B
double-stranded DNA with reverse transcriptase
(dsDNA-RT)

dsDNA-RT -> +ssRNA-> dsRNA –(RT)–> dsDNA ->mRNA

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12
Q

What is a double-stranded DNA virus?

A
  • the largest group of known viruses and most bacteriophages and archeal viruses
  • rely on host DNA/RNA pol
  • examples: T4 lambdaa
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13
Q

how do T4 viruses inject their DNA into the host ? example of ?

A
  • land and inject, and after 22 minutes virus will escape
  • attachment begins when a long fiber contacts LPS outer membrane E. Coli proteins
  • how ds DNA virus infect
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14
Q

how can escherichia virus lambda enter?

A
  • lytic or lysogenic cycle upon infection, will attach to the host and release genome into cytoplasm
  • specialized transduction
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15
Q

What determines if a lysogenic or lytic cycle is performed?

A
  • regulatory proteins which function as a repressor of activator
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16
Q

cll

A

activator

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17
Q

cl

A

repressor

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18
Q

clll

A

proteasa inhibitor that promotes latency

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19
Q

integrase

A

catalyse integration of lambda genome into host chromosome

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20
Q

cro repressor

A

inhibits transcription of clll and cl gene

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21
Q

cro activator

A

Increase transcription of itself and regulatory protein Q

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22
Q

Latent infection means that

A
  • laying formant using lysogenic cycle
  • if cll/clll increase to high levels, then the lysogenic cycle will occur
  • will not show symptoms right away unless trigger to lytic occurs
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23
Q

how does a lytic infection work in relation to Cl? UV radiation?

A
  • cll/clll does not acculmate to high levels, and the cl repressor will not be made, CRO will accumulate, lytic will occur
  • UV radiation - clll repressor cleavage, Cro, and other lytic genes are transcribed
  • could show symptoms right away as cell will die
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24
Q

What do single-stranded DNA viruses use as an intermediate?

A
  • ds is important for making a stable template for creating mRNA and lets virus replicate its genome efficiently
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25
What is the process of using ss DNA for viruses?
- circular ssDNA will enter the cell and convert it into dsDNA intermediate - converted to ds replicative form by bacterial DNA pol - the dsDNA will be transcribed and translated to proteins to be assembled into viral structures - direct synthesis of more RF copies and plus-strand DNA by rolling circle replication - RCR turns dsDNA back into +DNA to be stored in the capsid
26
What are ds-RNA viruses dependent on?
- uses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to complete life cycles - replicates and transcriptase activities - Rotavirus
27
What is the kind of virus that is translated upon entry? example virus?
- plus-strand RNA virus - corona virus
28
What is the first protein synthesized for the +RNA virus?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase - synthesizes negative strand RNA
29
What are the steps of positive-RNA virus replication?
1. enters and +RNA acts as mRNA and is translated to make proteins and RNA pol 2. RNA pol makes -RNA (template) to make more +RNA 3. second translation - more +RNA are translated to make proteins 4. assemble to make positive-strand RNA virus
30
What is the issue with negative-strand RNA viruses?
- cannot serve as mRNA to form viral proteins - the viral genome is a template for mRNA synthesis - must bring one RNA-dependent RNA pol to synthesize + strand RNA - Ebola
31
What can HIV cause? characteristics of HIV?
- AIDS - envloped virus, has reverse transcriptase and integrase
32
What are the 4 roles of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
1. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase 2. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase 3. ribonuclease - pushes back on host response to protect the operation 4. error-prone, has no proofreading capability
33
what are the characteristics of archeal viruses?
- extremophiles - cell membranes - monolayer - thermoplastic - lacks cell walls (pleomorphic) and plasma membrane has polysaccharides and glycoproteins for stability - specialized solute regulation (salt in approach - prefers high salt concentration)
34
what are the three categories of archeal viruses?
- crenarchetota (use sulfur compounds as electron donors or acceptors) - eurarachaeota - korarcheota (found only in hypothermal environment) recently discovered nanoarcheototaa - hyperthermophilic, nanosized archaea
35
What are most archaeal viruses considered?
microbial dark matter - never gorn in lab culture
36
what are two metabolic adaptions of archea?
- sulfur - extremely thermophilic and can anaerobically reduce sulfur into sulfide - methanogenesis - make methane
37
What are the three examples of crenarchaetota?
- thermophiles - thermoacidophiles (thrive at high temperature 55-85C) and low pH (1-4) - mesophiles - psychrophiles
38
What are two types of euryarchaeotota?
- methanogens - make methane halophiles
39
what are methanotrophs?
- some microbes/archea can oxidize methane back into CO2 - anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaeon (anme) - regions of seafloor where methane seeps into surrounding cold water
40
what are halophiles?
- haloarchea - are extreme halophiles, aerobic chromo heterotrophs - grow optimal near 3 to 4M NaCl - cell wall disintegrates if NaCl <1.5 - salt in approach - antiporters/symporters to concentrate ions
41
what are the two groups of eukaryotes?
protists and fungi
42
What are two organelles in protists?
- plasmalemma - identical to the cell membrane of multicellular organisms - vacuoles - contractile, secretory, phagocytic
43
how can protists create energy?
- mitochondria in aerobic chemoorganotrophs - chloroplasts in photosynthetic protest - hydrogenosomes in aerobic chemoorganotrophs
44
what helps protists move?
- cilia and flagella may help motility and generate water currents for feeding and respiration
45
Trophozoites? what are the two pathways it can go through depending on environmental conditions?
- actively growing and replicating protists 1. Encystement 2. Excystement
46
what is encystment?
- formation of dormant cysts - protect against environmental changes - in parasitic species, they are infectious stages between hosts - examples: oxygen depletion, crowding, stravation
47
What is excystment?
Escape from cyst when returning to favorable conditions
48
How do protist reproduce?
- most have both asexual (in stable environment, quicker, decrease in diversity) and sexual (more diversity, responds to change) - multiple fissions and budding
49
What environments do protists inhabit?
Most are free living and inhabit freshwater environments - in decaying organic matter and soil, chemoorganotrophic forms can be found - role in nutrient cycling
50
What are the three classes of protists?
1. Plant-like (photosynthetic) 2. fungi-like (slime molds) 3. animal-like (protozoan)
51
Three types of plant-like protists and characteristics?
- features - has chlorophyll, performs photosynthesis, and contributes to carbon fixation in marine ecosystem 1. chloroplastida 2. diatoms 3. euglena
52
What are the two groups of slime molds?
1. myxobacteria - acellular slime mold 2. dictyostelia - cellular mold - features: decomposes organic material, reproduces with spore formation and from multicellular structures under certain conditions
53
Three groups of animal-like protists? Defined by?
- differs in motility 1. pseudopods 2. cilia 3. flagellum
54
what is an important feature of animals like a protest?
- amoebozoa: important in terms of ecological relationships = free-living, endosymbiotic, commensal and parasitic forms = mosi environment
55
three categories of fungal groups?
1. zoosporic fungi (animal-like pathogen) 2. zygomycetous fungi 3. dikarya
56
What are the two subgroups of zoosporic? features of zoosporic?
- endospores parasite with motile spores - reduces genome size so that it can infect the host cell to complete life cycle - polar tube for host invasion after germination - Chytridiomycota - microsporidia
57
What are the two subcategories of zygomycetous? Features of zygomycetous?
- spores dispersal by wind or animals, sexually reproduce when environment is not favorable, parasitic - Mucoromycota - used for food production - Glomeromycota: mycorrhizal associations
58
Functions of dikarya? 2 subgroups
- cells with two haploid cells and are always without flagella 1. ascomycete (sac fungi) 2. Basidomycota
59
What is ascomycete (sac fungi)? disease?
- spores created with sacs called asci - food spoilage - white noise syndrome - erodes tissue
60
two types of ascomycete?
- nidulans - eukaryotic model organism - oryzae - fermentation of sake miso and soy sauce
61
Basidomycota
- club-shaped fruiting bodies that are hanging called basidia - saprophytes - decay plant matter (cellulose and lignin)

unit 3 microbio (3 decks)

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