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unit 3 microbio > week 9 microbial diversity > Flashcards

week 9 microbial diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three broad categories of bacteria?

A
  1. gram positives
  2. proteobacteria (gram-negative) and nonporteobacteria
  3. gram negative
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2
Q

What are the subcategories of gram-negative?

A
  • cyanobacteria
  • planctomycetes
  • bacterodies
  • thermotoga
  • aquifex
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3
Q

Which bacteria are similar to archaea?

A

low hanging bacteria on the phylogentic tree

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4
Q

How are bacteria categorized? (like the system)

A

phylum
class
order
family - 16S RNA sequencing
genus - 16S
species - 16S
strain - shotgun metagenomic sequencing

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5
Q

gram stain

A
  • (pink) or + (purple) is a classical staining technique
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6
Q

electron microscopy

A
  • shown more nuance and complexity
  • see physical strcuture of cell and its cell wall
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7
Q

What is a “better” way to classify bacteria?

A

The amount of plasma membranes a bacteria can have

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8
Q

monoderm

A
  • Have only one plasma membrane and gram +
  • gains a outermembrane
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9
Q

diderm

A
  • has two membranes -plasma membrane and outer membrane
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10
Q

What is the difference between proteobacteria and non-proteobacteria?

A
  • non-proteobacteria does photosynthesis
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of non-proteobacteria?

A
  • a group of bacteria that contains photosynthetic bacteria
  • Gram-positive and negative bacteria
  • photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs-
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of proteobacteria

A
  • a domain of bacteria that includes medical and scientifically important species
  • gram-negative bacteria only
  • facultative or obligatory anaerobe, chemolithotroph, and heterotrophic
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13
Q

What are microbial hyperthermophiles?

A
  • extremophiles (survive in extreme conditions) and not archea
  • chemoautotrophs but is gram-negative and non-proteobacteria
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14
Q

What are the two types of microbial hyperthermophiles?

A
  1. aquifex pyrophilus
  2. thermotga
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15
Q

what is aquifex pyrophilus?

A
  • microaerophilic (requiring very little free oxygen) rod and growth optimum 85C
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16
Q

What is a thermotoga?

A
  • a rod with an expansive stage, outer-sheath-like envelope - the toga (looser fitting sheath made up of proteins to hep it survive)
  • The outer membrane is enriched in protein
  • can grow on methanol and acetate
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17
Q

What is a class of phylum deinococcota?

A
  • deinococci - isolated in soil around nuclear plants which will have a thick wall that makes it highly resistant to radiation
  • spherical or rod-shaped
  • often seen in pairs of tetrads
  • resistant to desiccation (extremely dry) and radiation
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18
Q

is deinococci gram positive or negative?

A
  • it is classified as negative because it is a diderm but because it has a thick cell wall it will retain the stain and will strain gram-positive
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19
Q

How do photosynthetic bacteria differ?

A
  • pigment, morphology electron donors, metabolic types, and motility
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20
Q

How are photosynthetic bacteria differentiated?

A

if they carry out oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesis

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21
Q

What types of photosynthesis do cyanobacteria do? Characteristics?

A
  • Oxygenic
  • two photosystems
  • water as an electron donor and generates oxygen
  • largest and most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria
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22
Q

What bacteria perform anoxygenic photosynthesis? Characteristics?

A
  • purple, green bacteria and aerobic anoxygenic phototropic bacteria (AAnPs)
  • one photosystem
  • alternate electron donor to water (like H2S or H2)
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23
Q

Where are Bacteroidota and Fusobacteira found? What are the characteristics of fusobacteira?

A
  • includes photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs found in the gut and oral cavity
  • genus bacteroids found in poop
    – fusobacteira - characteristic spindle-shaped, and can cause opptrunistic infections in huma
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24
Q

What are the morphology characteristics of chlamydiae? type of?

A
  • gram-negative, coccoid, non-motile
  • obligate intracellular parasites - rely on a host for metabolites small genome, so they can not make carbs or synthesize ATP or NAD+
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25
what is the type of bacteria of phylum spirochaetota? functions?
- chemoorganotrophic bacteria with a periplasmic flagella
26
What are the 5 sub-classes of proteobacteria?
Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria gammaproteobacteria deltaproteobacteria eplisonproteobacteria zeta proteobacteria - only one member so not really counted
27
How are alphaproteobacteria characterized?
- nitrogen-fixing, agrobacterium, marine - most are oligotrophic - low nutrient environments - metabolically diverse- methylotrophs, chemolithotrophs, and nitrogen fixers
28
What is an example of a class of alphaproteobacteria?
- Rhodobacterales is polar flagella - purple non-sulfur bacteria (uses light energy and has a relationship with nitrogen) - rhodospiralles
29
What are the characteristics of betaproteobacteria?
- occupy the diverse environment - from obligate pathogens to oligotrophic groundwater - burkholderiales, ammonia-oxidizing, arsenic resistant soil bacteria
30
What are the three genus of betaproteobacteria?
- thiobacilus - neisseria - bordetella
31
What is a thiobaclius? - habitat? - type of troph?
- soil freshwater and marine habitats - chemolithotrophs - oxidize sulfur compunds
32
what is a Neisseria?
- non-motile, aerobic, cocci - many form pairs with side flattened - gonerherra and menigenitis
33
What is bordetella?
- aerobic, motile, coccibacili - chemoogranotrophs - mammalian parasites that multiply in respiratory epithelial cells - whopping cough and kennel cough
34
what is the major definer of delta proteobacteria?
- anerobic (desulfovibrio- deep into soil ) - aerobic - predator or gliding
35
How are deltaproteobacteria characterized?
- ferric iron-reducing, sulfur-reducing - categorized by if aerobe or anearobe - strictly anaerobic branch contains most of the known sulfate/sulfur reducing bacteria
36
What are the two types of anaerobic delta proteobacteria?
- Bdellovibrio - a predator that invades another cell, colonizes it, consumes resources, eats away, replicates, and dips - myococcus - gliding - which produces digestive enzymes and uses gliding mechanisms to go through the wreckage of E. coli and consume it
37
What are the characteristics of gammaproteobacteria?
- defined based on metabolism and ecological niechc - the largest bacteria class - photolithotrophs, enterics and pathogens - Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, acidithiobacilus
38
What are gammaproteobacteria best known for?
- Enterobacteriaceae - facultative anaerobes - chemoorganotrophs - family includes E. Coli
39
What are family vibronacea? (gammaproteobacteria)
- aquatic biolumanitic bacteria and pathogens - luminescent bacteria - quorum signaling - vibro parahaemolyticus - gasteroenteris in humans from contaminated seafood - vibrio cholera; causes cholera
40
what are the two orders of gammaproteobacteria?
- psudomonadales (pseudomonas) - legionellaes
41
what are the characteristics of pseudomonas?
- motile by polar flagella - aerobic chemoorganotrophs - can degrade a wide variety of organic molecules - 2nd causal factor of UTI
42
what is legionellaes?
- intracellular pathogens (natural host for amoeba) - dimorphic lifestyle - protozoa - genus L. pneumophila causative agent - legionnaires disease
43
What are the characteristics of epsilionbacteria?
- inhabits the digestive tract of animals and serves as symbionts or pathogens - microbes that are specific in their growth pattern
44
What are the two categories of epsilonproteobacteria? examples of each?
- polar flagella - campylobacter - peritrichous flagella - helicobacter
45
what is campylobacter?
- C. fetus - reproductive disease in cattle and sheep - use molecular mimicry to turn the immune system against the host
46
what is helicobacter?
- cause gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer - microaerophile - cannot grow under ph 4.5 - BURROWS INTO GASTRIC mucosa, secretes urea (converts urea to CO2 + NH3), which drives up the local pH
47
What is a feature of proteobacteria?
- magnetotatic - intracellular magnets align themselves with the earth's magnetic field - occupy freshwater or marine sediments - highly motile to orient themselves on the magnetic field - identified in alpha, gamma and delta
48
what are the three morphologies gram positives differentiated by?
- bacilli - cocci - streptococcus - branching filaments
49
what is the order of branching filaments?
- Actinomycetota - chemoorganohetrotrophs - facultative or strict anaerobes (requires co2) - makes hyphae
50
what is an example of Actinomycetota?
Bifidobacterium - non-motile, non-sporing and anaerobic - important in human gut microflora
51
what is a family of Actinomycetota?
- Mycobacteriaceae - straight or slightly curved rods that branch or form filaments - diderm cell envelope (stains positive)
52
what is mycomembrane?
- external to peptidoglycan - constructed of packed mycolic acids, complex fatty acids - hydrophobic and impenetrable to antibiotics - requires porins for entry into cell wall
53
two diseases caused by Mycobacteriaceae?
TB and leprosy
54
what are the Firmicutes genus?
- bacillus - clostridiales
55
What is bacillus?
- endospore-forming, chemohetrototrophic rods - produce various antibiotics - motile with peritrichous flagella
56
examples of bacillus
- B. subtilis - mosy well studied gram postive - B. cererus - food poisoning - B. anthracis - anthrax - B. thuringiensis - insecticide
57
what are clostridiales?
- forms heat-resistant endospores - responsible for many cases of food spoilage
58
Examples of clostridiales?
- C. Botulism - C. tetani - tetanus - C. difficle - gastrointestinal tract disease
59
Two families of streptococcus?
- staphylococcus - streptomycetes
60
What is staphylococcus?
- faculative anerobeic, nonmotile cocci - normally associated with warm-blooded animals in skin and mucous membranes - cause many human disease (MRSA)
61
streptomycetales?
- example of true multicellularity - among the largest bacterial genomes - complex life cycle - can hemolyse - enter blood and kill
62
what is the trait that Enter and streptococcaceae share?
- strictly fermantive
63
enterococci
- enterococcus faecalis - normal resident of intestinal tracts of humans and many animals, opportunistic pathogen

unit 3 microbio (3 decks)

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