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Psych 200 > Week 10 - Perception and Memory > Flashcards

Week 10 - Perception and Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a common misconception about visual perception?

A

Visual perception is often mistakenly believed to work like a camera, but it is actually active and constructive.

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2
Q

How does the mind shape our perception?

A

The mind combines knowledge about shadows, lighting, and color to make informed guesses about what we perceive.

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3
Q

What is categorical perception?

A

Categorical perception is the tendency to group incoming sensory information that exists along a continuum into discrete categories.

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4
Q

What is perceptual narrowing?

A

Perceptual narrowing is a developmental process where the ability to perceive frequently encountered stimuli improves, while the ability to perceive less frequently encountered stimuli declines.

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5
Q

What is an example of perceptual narrowing in infants?

A

Within three months, infants become better at recognizing human faces and worse at recognizing non-human faces due to experience.

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6
Q

What evidence suggests that babies might be ‘wired’ to perceive faces?

A

Babies show a preference for their mother’s face within hours of birth, indicating an innate ability to recognize faces.

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7
Q

What is the ‘own-race effect’ in face perception?

A

The ‘own-race effect’ refers to the phenomenon where individuals are better at recognizing faces of their own race compared to faces of other races, influenced by the types of faces they are exposed to.

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8
Q

What does the study involving chicks and moving shapes suggest about innate perception?

A

Chicks reacted strongly to shapes that moved like a hawk, suggesting an innate ability to perceive and identify threats.

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9
Q

What is multimodal integration?

A

Multimodal integration is the process of combining information from different sensory modalities to enhance perception.

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10
Q

How does perception differ from passive observation?

A

Perception is not passive; it involves active interpretation and construction of sensory information.

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11
Q

What role does context play in visual perception?

A

Contextual information can significantly influence how we perceive colors and light intensities, often leading to different interpretations.

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12
Q

What is an example of how auditory perception does not work like a microphone?

A

Auditory perception does not simply record sound; it involves interpretation and contextual understanding of auditory stimuli.

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13
Q

What is the significance of the examples provided in the lecture?

A

The examples illustrate how perception can be influenced by various factors, including context and experience.

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14
Q

What happens to perceptual abilities over time according to perceptual narrowing?

A

As individuals encounter certain stimuli more frequently, their perceptual abilities for those stimuli improve, while abilities for less frequent stimuli decline.

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15
Q

How does knowledge influence visual perception?

A

Knowledge about environmental factors like shadows and lighting helps shape and inform our visual perception.

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16
Q

What is the difference between nativist and empiricist views on face perception?

A

Nativists believe we are born with knowledge about faces, while empiricists argue that we learn to recognize faces through experience.

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17
Q

What is the impact of experience on face perception in infants?

A

Experience leads infants to specialize in recognizing human faces while becoming less adept at recognizing animal faces.

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18
Q

What does the lecture suggest about the nature of perception?

A

Perception is an active, constructive process rather than a passive reception of sensory information.

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19
Q

What is an example of how perception can be misleading?

A

Visual illusions demonstrate that our perception can be influenced by context, leading us to see things differently than they are.

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20
Q

How does the mind interpret continuous signals in perception?

A

The mind biases the interpretation of continuous signals into discrete categories, affecting how we perceive colors and intensities.

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21
Q

What is the relationship between perception and cognition?

A

Perception is closely linked to cognition, as it involves interpreting sensory information based on prior knowledge and experiences.

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22
Q

What is the role of developmental processes in perceptual abilities?

A

Developmental processes, such as perceptual narrowing, shape and refine our perceptual abilities over time.

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23
Q

What are phonemes?

A

Phonemes are the sounds of language, such as ‘Ba’, ‘pa’, and ‘th’.

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24
Q

How does pronunciation vary in speech perception?

A

Pronunciation varies in rate, tone, and pitch.

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25
What is co-articulation in speech perception?
Co-articulation refers to the shape of the mouth during speech production.
26
What is categorical perception in speech perception?
Categorical perception is the ability to perceive distinct categories of sounds despite variations in pronunciation.
27
What does it mean that citizens of the world are culture-bound listeners?
Culture-bound listeners are influenced by their linguistic and cultural backgrounds, affecting how they perceive speech.
28
What is perceptual narrowing in infants?
Perceptual narrowing refers to the phenomenon where 6-month-olds can hear reality better than adults, as they are more attuned to the sounds of their native language.
29
What was the purpose of the experiment involving infants with a bumpy or smooth dummy?
The experiment aimed to determine if infants would look at an illustration that matched their tactile experience of the dummy.
30
How does multimodal integration challenge Piaget's theory?
Piaget suggested that sensory information was disconnected early in development, while evidence shows that infants can integrate sensory information.
31
What does evidence suggest about infants' ability to integrate vision and sound?
Infants tend to look more at facial displays that correspond to auditory information, indicating they can integrate both modes.
32
What is the McGurk Effect?
A phenomenon demonstrating that audio perception can conflict with visual input, showing that what we hear may not always reflect reality.
33
How does the McGurk Effect illustrate multimodal integration?
It shows that visual input can influence auditory perception, leading to a perception of a phoneme that may differ from the actual sound.
34
What is the role of early experiences in shaping taste preferences?
Preferences for certain tastes are influenced by early exposure, similar to how phoneme perception is shaped by experience.
35
What does the computer metaphor of the mind suggest?
The mind processes information like a computer through serial, feed-forward, and stage-based processing.
36
What are the key components of the information processing model?
Inputs (perception), rule-based processing (cognition), and outputs (action).
37
What is the phonological loop?
A system that allows us to hold onto sound information for a short period, used in tasks like conversation and rehearsing phone numbers.
38
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
A system used to keep visual and spatial information in memory, useful for tasks like navigating with a map.
39
What is the episodic buffer?
A temporary storehouse that holds information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory.
40
What is the function of the central executive in memory processing?
To integrate and transform information, decide what gets attention, and choose strategies for problem-solving.
41
What does Information Processing Theory emphasize?
Domain-general developments, the role of maturation, and the computer metaphor of the mind.
42
How does processing speed relate to memory in children?
As children mature, processing speed increases, allowing for more information to be stored in working memory and enabling complex strategies.
43
What are autobiographical memories?
Episodic memories for everyday events that an individual has experienced.
44
What is childhood amnesia?
The inability to recall autobiographical memories from infancy or early childhood.
45
What is the significance of memory strategies and metamemory?
They refer to the techniques used to enhance memory and the awareness of one's own memory processes.
46
What are some examples of memory strategies?
Rehearsal, visualization, and organization of information.
47
What is the relationship between experience and memory?
The more experience we have with something, the more familiar and accustomed we become to it, enhancing memory retention.
48
What does the term 'active perception' imply?
Perception is not passive; it involves actively interpreting and integrating sensory information.
49
What is the role of the central executive in multitasking?
It has limited capacity and cannot focus on two things at once, making it crucial for managing attention.
50
What is a proposed factor that affects memory development in children?
Space in Working Memory
51
How does a lack of language impact autobiographical memory in children?
It may rely heavily on language for efficient, coherent encoding, storage, and retrieval.
52
What role does sociocultural support play in memory development?
It provides context and reinforcement for memory formation.
53
How does a child's sense of self contribute to memory development?
A stronger sense of self helps bind experiences into robust memories.
54
What is the difference between verbatim and gist storage in memory?
Verbatim storage is detailed and word-for-word, while gist storage is abstract and general.
55
How do children transition in their memory storage as they age?
They move from storing verbatim memories to understanding and using gist memories.
56
What is neurogenesis and how does it relate to memory in infants?
It refers to the development of new neurons, which may hinder the ability to hold onto autobiographical memories.
57
What does the mirror self-recognition test indicate about memory in children?
Performance on the test relates to the ability to talk about past events.
58
Why might adults outperform children on memory tests?
Adults have more experiences, larger storage capacity, or better knowledge that guides their memory.
59
How does expertise influence memory formation in children?
Expertise allows individuals to recognize patterns, improving memory recall.
60
What did Chi (1978) find when comparing chess experts and novices?
Children (experts) recalled chess piece locations better, while adults recalled numbers better.
61
What is the significance of familiarity in memory recall?
Familiarity helps individuals attend to relevant information and recognize patterns.
62
What might hinder a 2-year-old's ability to form memories?
A lack of knowledge, experience, and familiarity with their environment.
63
What is the hypothesis regarding the combination of proposed factors in memory development?
The hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and may work together.
64
How does attention relate to memory formation in children?
Attention may be more critical than memory itself in forming strong memories.
65
What is the impact of continuous neurogenesis on memory stability?
It may prevent the formation of stable long-term memories in infants.
66
What is the role of experience in memory development?
Experience provides context and enhances the ability to form and retrieve memories.
67
How does the ability to recognize patterns affect memory recall?
It allows individuals to pull out recognizable information and hold onto it.
68
What does the term 'gist memory' refer to?
Memories that are easier to maintain and access due to their abstract nature.
69
How does the development of a sense of self affect memory binding?
It provides a framework for organizing and connecting experiences.
70
What is the relationship between memory development and cognitive load in children?
Young children may struggle with cognitive load, impacting their ability to encode memories.
71
How does the transition from verbatim to gist storage reflect cognitive development?
It indicates an increasing ability to abstract and generalize information as children mature.
72
What improves as children gain expertise in daily life?
Memory
73
What are the three main memory strategies that children develop as they get older?
Rehearsal, Chunking, Encoding/Maintenance
74
What is rehearsal in the context of memory?
The repeating of items to be remembered.
75
What is the primacy effect?
Better recall of early items due to rehearsal, which is smaller in young children.
76
What is the recency effect?
Better recall of more recent items.
77
What is chunking in working memory?
Putting information together into meaningful units to aid memory.
78
What did Schneider (1986) investigate regarding children's memory?
Whether children chunk information to aid memory.
79
What was the result of Schneider's study on chunking?
Older children (10 years old) were more likely than younger children (5 years old) to group pictures into meaningful chunks.
80
What are the three components of the working memory system used for encoding and maintenance?
Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
81
What did Conrad (1971) study regarding older and younger children's use of the phonological loop?
Whether older children rely on the phonological loop (language) more than younger children.
82
What was the method used in Conrad's study?
Children aged 3 to 11 played a matching game with pictures of objects with labels that sounded similar or different.
83
What did the results of Conrad's study indicate about children under age 6?
They performed equally well on both sounds similar and sounds different items.
84
What did the results of Conrad's study indicate about children over age 6?
They performed better on sounds different than sounds similar items, indicating evidence of acoustic confusability.
85
What does the evidence of acoustic confusability suggest about younger and older children?
Younger children maintain information in the visuospatial sketchpad, while older children maintain information in the phonological loop.
86
What is metamemory?
Knowledge about memory and about monitoring and regulating memory processes.
87
At what age do children show evidence of metamemory?
As young as 3 years old under certain circumstances.
88
What is a key concern regarding children's memory testimony?
The reliability of their testimony at different ages.
89
What should interviewers do to help ensure accurate testimony from children?
Implement specific steps to enhance the reliability of children's testimony.

Psych 200 (4 decks)

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